FACTORS MILITATING AGAINST ANTI CORRUPTION WAR UNDER PRESIDENT MUHAMMAD BUHARI ADMINISTRATION 2015-2021
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FACTORS MILITATING AGAINST ANTI CORRUPTION WAR UNDER PRESIDENT MUHAMMAD BUHARI ADMINISTRATION 2015-2021
ABSTRACT
This study looked at the elements that were working against President Muhammad Buhari’s anti-corruption campaign from 2015 to 2021. The third chapter covered research methodology, design, study population, sample size determination, sampling techniques, hypotheses, questionnaire delivery procedures, and statistical analysis procedures.
The population is 1,200 people, and the sample size is 300. Five hypotheses were tested in accordance with the study’s five objectives and five related research questions
. Corruption has had negative implications such as the breeding of unfairness, mediocrity, poor service delivery, unequal and uneven development, brain drain, low life expectancy, ethnic militias, civic agitation and unrest, and a rise in crime and violence.
To ensure the successful performance of the two commissions, legal constitutions must be put in place and reviewed on a regular basis, with no political or government intervention. To promote corruption eradication, significant money, logistics support, and a high level of cooperation from all parties are required.
Sensitization, awareness raising, and the establishment of moral and social ideals are all necessary. Religious leaders should emphasise ethical issues and Christian ethos in their sermons. The two commissions have distinct functions. However, there are several areas where functional contradictions exist.
Finally, conclusions were reached, with recommendations centred on how to make the two commissions more effective in eliminating corruption, because justice exalts a nation. We have no choice but to stay in Nigeria and salvage it together via collaborative efforts to remove corruption and by assisting anti-corruption institutions.
CHAPITRE ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of The Study
The international community has classified Nigeria as one of the world’s most corrupt countries. For three years in a row, 2000, 2001, and 2002, it had the awful status of being the world’s second most corrupt nation (Ogiri 2018:2). The rating arose as a result of previous failed attempts to eradicate or decrease corruption in the political system to a bearable level.
From the Jaji Declaration by Olusegun Obasanjo in 1977 to the Ethical Revolution of Shagari in 2019-1983; the War Against Indiscipline by Buhari in 2014; the National Orientation Movement by Babangida in 2016;
the Mass Mobilisation for Social Justice by Babangida in 1987; the War Against Indiscipline and Corruption by Abacha in 2016; and the Anti-Corruption Act 2000 by President Olusegun Obasanjo
In the last 20 years, the pervasiveness of corruption in all its manifestations has reached cancerous proportions in Nigeria, to the point where the Germany-based Transparency International, a respected Independent, universal non-governmental organisation,
ranked Nigeria in the unenviable position of being the most corrupt nation in the world for more than 7 years in a row. According to Ukiro (2018:4), the upsetting news was published in all national publications in Nigeria.
Nigerians are perceived and considered as corrupt in other countries. Unlike other nationals, no bank would automatically open a bank account for a Nigerian. Corruption is connected with the Nigerian Green Passport. As a result, Nigerians holding green passports are separated from other citizens at international airports.
While others are free to travel, Nigerians are exposed to degrading and cruel treatment and stigmatised as pariahs because they are Nigerians from the world’s most corrupt country. The recent attempt by a Nigerian,
Farouk Mutullab, to bomb an American plane on Christmas Day, December 25, 2009, heightened Nigerians’ concerns. DSP Alamieseghe, the former governor of Bayelsa State, who was jailed in London on charges of financial fraud, returned to Nigeria under mysterious circumstances.
Stories about looted money stored in foreign banks abound in national newspapers. The stolen resources lost by Nigeria due to rampant corruption and misuse of office have had a negative impact on the country’s economy.
The first is the issue of inflation and its pressurising consequences on the economy as a result of irregular distortions in economic indices and a lack of control over monetary and fiscal policy caused by the availability of such enormous amounts of funds outside of normal economic activity.
Second, inflationary trends have had the effect of decreasing living standards to such staggering proportions that the so-called ‘Middle Class’ has been essentially wiped out, and what were once basic needs of existence have become luxuries. The US Dollar swapped with the Nigerian Naira at a rate of US$1 to N0.85k in 1979,
but it has since plunged (fallen) to the commercial rate of US$1 to N142 in 2002. While the inflation rate in the United States of America climbed by roughly 15% in real terms over the same 23-year period, it rose by about 2000% in Nigeria. All of these stark numbers are caused, in large part, by illicit capital flight caused by corruption.
The catastrophe that pervasive corruption has caused in Nigeria clearly threatens ex-political stability, national interest, and the integrity of the Nigerian nation. This, without a doubt, transcends local and state concerns.
Corruption must be eradicated at the national level since its pernicious effects touch and impact every Nigerian, regardless of tribe, religion, or state of origin. A Nigerian is not known or traced to a state of origin outside of Nigeria.”
The United Nations Economic and Social Council approved a resolution in March 1997 that called on “all governments to fight corruption more decisively,” according to the March 1997 edition of Transparency International Newsletter.
It was then emphasised that a global united effort was underway to ensure that the issue of corruption was addressed and addressed universally.
The Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) is an international organisation based in Berlin, Germany, that has multiple member countries committed to combating bribery.
“OECD governments today (Paris, 27th May, 1994) agreed to take collective action to address the problem of bribery in international business transactions,” said Chief Afe Babalola in the Supplement to Transparency International Newsletter, September 1994.
The OECD Recommendation on Bribery in International Business Transactions is the first global agreement among states to combat foreign official bribery, and it represents a significant step forward in a challenging sector. While nearly all countries have laws prohibiting bribery of their own authorities,
most do not have legal penalties for bribery of foreign officials by their nationals or domestic firms. As a result, the purpose of this research is to look into the elements that are working against anti-corruption efforts under President Muhammad Buhari’s government (2015-2021).
1.2 Statement of the problem
Concerns are mounting about Nigeria’s poor economic situation, which is exacerbated by corruption. Nigerians and the government alike have expressed grave concern about the state of the economy, low growth, and progress in all sectors as a result of the prevalence of the hydra-headed monster known as corruption (Okoduwa, 2018:6).
Corruption occurs frequently in federal and state ministries, departments, and agencies, as well as in federal, state, and local government areas around the country. All of these illicit actions have resulted in weak governance, poor performance, and the diversion of public cash, all while ethical standards have been compromised.
Because of the massive corruption, President Olusegun Obasanjo established the Independent Corrupt Practises and Other Related Offences Commission (ICPC) and the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC) in 2000 and 2002, respectively. The directives call for the two agencies to fight corruption to the death and to adopt a zero-tolerance policy for corruption.
The issue caused by widespread corruption in Nigeria clearly threatens political stability, national interest, and the integrity of the Nigerian nation. This, without a doubt, transcends local and state concerns. Corruption must be eradicated at the national level since its pernicious effects touch and impact every Nigerian, regardless of tribe, religion, or state of origin.
Transparency International asserts unequivocally that “corruption fuels poverty and injustice for millions of ordinary citizens.” According to the respected body, development assistance was intended to reduce poverty and support equitable economic and social development; both recipients and donors must ensure that development resources are used for their intended purposes and are not diverted through corruption, waste, or abuse.
Corruption not only undermines international efforts to alleviate poverty, but it also jeopardises the well-being of the most marginalised populations. Furthermore, corruption distorts access to critical public services like as education,
health, water, and the market for goods and services. Corruption weakens democratic processes and political pluralism, and it exacerbates and inflames existing tensions in post-conflict and fragile governments (Ukiros, 2018:7).
Over the years, research and efforts have been conducted to combat corruption in agencies such as the police, customs, code of conduct bureau, civil defence, ICPC, and EFCC. As a result, the researcher deemed it appropriate to investigate how the functions,
challenges, and prospects of the anti-corruption agencies- ICPC and EFCC- have impacted in combating the debilitating monster known as corruption, in order to better our country under President Muhammad Buhari’s administration (2015 – 2021).
1.3 Research Questions
What are the root causes of corruption in Nigerian institutions?
What are the consequences of corruption on Nigeria’s financial management, economic growth, and development?
In Nigeria, how effective are the ICPC and EFCC in combating corruption?
How does the ICPC’s role in fighting corruption differ from that of the EFCC?
What are the potential obstacles or challenges to the anti-corruption fight of the anti-corruption agencies – ICPC and EFCC – in Nigerian private and public institutions?
1.4 objectives of The study
The study’s major goal is to investigate the variables working against anti-corruption efforts under President Muhammad Buhari’s administration (2015-2021). The following are the study’s particular objectives:
To ascertain the root causes of corruption in Nigeria.
To determine the influence of corruption on Nigeria’s economic growth and development.
To thoroughly assess the performance of Nigeria’s anti-corruption agencies, the ICPC and the EFCC, in battling corruption during the Buhari administration.
To ascertain the functional distinctions between the ICPC and the EFCC in the fight against corruption in Nigeria.
To identify potential issues impeding the successful battle against corruption by Nigeria’s two anti-corruption commissions in private and governmental institutions under the Buhari administration.
1.5 Research hypotheses
Ho1: In Nigeria, there is no difference in the level of corruption done by morally upright organisations and the excessively ambitious group of persons.
Ho2: Corruption generally does not have effect on economic growth and development in Nigeria under President Muhammad Buhari government (2015 – 2021).
Ho3: There is no effect of Anti-corruption agencies in combating corruption in Nigeria under President Muhammad Buhari administration (2015 – 2021).
Ho4: There are no distinctions in the functions of ICPC and those of EFCC in combatting corruption in Nigeria under President Muhammad Buhari government (2015 – 2021).
Ho5: There are no reasons militating against the operational performance of the anti-corruption agencies in combating corruption under President Muhammad Buhari administration (2015 – 2021).
1.6 Scope and limits of the study
Scope
The research study is intended to cover all spheres of human endeavour in Nigeria, particularly ministries, departments, agencies, banks, public institutions, federal, state, and local government offices, in order to assess the factors militating against anti-corruption efforts under President Muhammad Buhari’s administration. The study takes place over a six-year period, from 2015 to 2021.
Limitations
The researcher found some obstacles when carrying out this research project. These include some respondents’ reluctance to provide relevant information for the research work. Other restrictions found during the investigation include a lack of funds for running about collecting data for the project.
Time was an additional constraint. It is necessary to mention here the limitation imposed by the program’s short duration. All of these did not provide the researcher adequate time to cover the project thoroughly. Despite this, sufficient information on significant concerns was gathered and analysed.
1.7 Significance of the research
The study is significant because of its utility to corporate leaders (both publicly and privately held), government regulatory bodies, research groups, the general public, and the survival of our country, Nigeria.
THE CAPTAINS OF INDUSTRIES: The captains of industries, whose responsibility it is to make decisions that affect both their organisations’ internal and external policies, will benefit from a better understanding of the importance of fighting corruption in order to improve organisational performance.
THE GOVERNMENT: Without a doubt, the government is accountable for crafting policies and frameworks that will eradicate corruption, and the study from the research will provide greater knowledge to the government on additional approaches to combat corruption.
ANTI-CORRUPTION AGENCIES: Staff will be better able to strategize, articulate concerns, and adopt a more radical, holistic strategy to fighting corruption.
The fight against corruption cannot be overstated, as such efforts will aid in the careful management of the nation’s resources and the equal distribution of these riches to the population.
REGULATORY AGENCIES: Business regulatory agencies are also being exposed to greater corruption issues, and the research will assist such organisations in combating mate corruption in their institutions.
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