Evaluation Of Malaria Treatment Among People Living With Hiv aids
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Evaluation Of Malaria Treatment Among People Living With Hiv aids
Chapter one
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Background of the Study
Malaria and HIV are among the two most serious global health issues confronting developing countries. They account for about 4 million fatalities each year (UNAIDS/WHO, 2004).
Malaria, also known as the “king of diseases,” is caused by Plasmodium parasites. It is one of the top causes of illness and mortality around the world (WHO, 2004).
Nine out of ten of these deaths occur in Africa, with the remainder occurring in Asia and Latin America, making it the world’s most widespread vector-borne illness. It is the fourth largest cause of death in children under the age of five and pregnant women in underdeveloped countries (Martens and Hall, 2000; Rowe et al., 2000).
The proportion rises annually due to worsening health systems, rising medication and pesticide resistance, climate change, and natural catastrophes (WHO, 2000).
HIV/AIDS is also one of the most devastating epidemics the world has ever seen. In 2007, an estimated 33.2 million people worldwide were living with HIV, with 2.5 million of these being children under the age of 15. In 2007, 420,000 children under the age of 15 become infected with HIV for the first time.
Nearly 90% of HIV-positive youngsters live in Sub-Saharan Africa. In Ethiopia, whereas 66% of the population is at risk of malaria, 1.5 million people have
HIV (Corbett et al., 2000; Mitike et al., 2002).
In addition to their rising incidence in developing nations, malaria and HIV/AIDS are geographically overlapping, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa, Southeast Asia, and South America. While either malaria or HIV/AIDS can cause disease and death, infection with one can exacerbate infection with the other and/or
More difficult to treat. The two diseases have an especially severe impact on those living in malaria-endemic areas around the world. Pregnant women face especially dangerous effects when infected with both HIV/AIDS and malaria. HIV/AIDS can worsen the symptoms of malaria, such as anaemia and placental malaria infection (Ayisi, 2003).
These two illnesses have bidirectional and synergistic interactions with one another. HIV infection can enhance the likelihood and severity of malaria infection, and larger parasite loads may allow for higher rates of malaria transmission.
Individuals in malaria-endemic areas who are deemed semi-immune to malaria can develop clinical malaria if they are HIV positive. Malaria infection is also associated with significant CD4+
cell activation and increased proinflammatory cytokines, creating an optimal milieu for virus dissemination among CD4+ cells and consequently rapid HIV-1 replication (WHO, 2004).
Understanding the human immune response to malaria and HIV leads us to believe that one infection may influence the clinical course of the other. Many different infections cause a temporary increase in HIV viral load. As a result, it is reasonable to expect malaria to do the same, perhaps accelerating the advancement of HIV illness.
Malaria parasitaemia, on the other hand, is controlled by the immune system, which prevents most malarial infections from becoming clinically apparent in semi-immune adults in endemic areas.
In theory, HIV-induced immune insufficiency should impair the immunological response to malaria parasitaemia, increasing the frequency of clinical malaria attacks.
Thus, HIV infection influences the clinical presentation, severity, and responsiveness to treatment in malaria cases. The clinical significance of these interactions varies according to the amount of malaria transmission in the area (and hence the level of host immunity) and the individual afflicted (adult, kid, or pregnant woman) (Kamya, 2000).
However, in various malaria and HIV co-endemic countries, little or no study has been undertaken on this topic. The purpose of this paper is to review existing research on HIV-malaria interactions, the effect of malaria on HIV transmission and progression, and the implications for coinfection prevention and therapy.
Statement of problems
HIV infection and malaria are among the two most serious global health issues in underdeveloped nations, including Nigeria, which is estimated to cause more than 4 million fatalities each year, with HIV infection increasing the likelihood and severity of malaria infection and burdens.
HIV may aid in the geographic spread of malaria in places where HIV prevalence is high. As a result, repeated increases in HIV viral load due to recurrent co-infection may be a major factor driving transmission in Sub-Saharan Africa, as parts of the world with high malaria rates also carry a heavy burden of HIV.
Another issue is that interactions between HIV and pathogenic organisms, particularly malaria parasites, pose a public health risk, as opportunistic infections caused by viruses, parasites, bacteria, fungi, and other pathogens continue to be the leading cause of death among HIV patients.
This study analyses malaria therapy among patients living with HIV/AIDS in Owerri, Imo State.
1.3 Object of the research
The overarching purpose of the study is to evaluate malaria treatment among people living with HIV/AIDS, but the specific objectives are:
To determine the initial line of action for HIV/AIDS patients when infected with malaria.
To determine the types of antimalarial medications taken, their source, and treatment adherence.
To identify the challenges of treatment
To investigate the association between socioclinical factors and malaria treatment.
1.4 Research questions.
The research questions for this study are as follows:
What are the first steps HIV/AIDS patients take when infected with malaria?
What types of treatment/antimalarial medicines are utilised by HIV/AIDS patients?
What are the sources of treatment?
Do HIV/AIDS patients follow their treatment regimens?
What problems have you had while undergoing treatment?
Is there an association between socioclinical factors and malaria treatment?
1.5 Justification for study.
The potential interaction between HIV and malaria, which affects HIV-associated immunosuppression and antimalarial medication response, is an essential factor in justifying this research.
Previous case studies and retrospective reviews evaluated the efficacy of antimalarial drugs in HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected patients, with conflicting outcomes reported. This study would help to justify malaria therapy for patients living with HIV/AIDS in Owerri, Imo State.
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