Prevalence Of Hiv/Aids Among Intending Donors
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Prevalence Of Hiv/Aids Among Intending Donors
INTRODUCTION
For more than 20 years, laboratory testing to detect HIV infection has been used worldwide, and it remains an important intervention in protecting users of blood and organs.
Serological screening of donor blood for HIV antibodies remains an important component in identifying and removing HIV-infected blood donations (Nkengasong et al., 1999), although this test seldom detects HIV antigen positive blood donors during the window period.
Detection of this early viraemic stage remains a concern in transfusion medicine around the world due to the risk of spreading HIV infection. Many nations use severe blood donor selection criteria to exclude potentially infected donors who are at high risk of HIV infection, as well as extremely sensitive screening technologies such as Nucleic Acid Amplification Testing (NAAT) in a national Blood Transfusion Service.
Following this strategy, industrialised countries such as the United States of America (USA), the United Kingdom (UK), and France have successfully reduced infections through blood supplies, reducing the window time from an average of 22 days using antibody ELISA to 11 days using NAAT (Busch et al., 2003).
In Africa, where 5 to 10% of HIV cases are thought to have been acquired by blood transfusion (WHO, 2002), the use of sensitive testing assays has long been a formidable issue for most countries.
The national prevalence of HIV among blood donors in Nigeria was reported to be 4.4% (PEPFAR, 2006), but different researchers (Irene, 2002; Durosinmi et al., 2003; Imoru et al., 2003; Ejele et al., 2005) have reported varying prevalence from different parts of Nigeria depending on the setting, nature of blood donation, population prevalence, donor selection criteria, and assay methods used in testing.
Pre-transfusion blood screening aims to minimise the acquisition of transfusion transmissible illnesses such as HIV through donated blood. The study environment lacks facilities for early identification of infection with newer technologies in asymptomatic carriers, which would narrow the window time.
Blood donations are screened for HIV infection using existing antibody-based detection methods. According to the authors, there is a dearth of local data on the percentage of post-transfusion acquired HIV infection at this centre.
1.2 Problem Statement
Detecting the early viraemic stage of HIV remains a concern in transfusion medicine around the world due to the risk of spreading HIV infection. Serelogical screening of donor blood for HIV antibodies remains an important part in identifying and eliminating HIV-infected blood donations, however this test seldom detects HIV antigen positive blood donors who are in the window period. As a result, there is a need to determine the HIV/AIDS prevalence among potential donors.
1.3 Objectives of the Study
The primary goal of the study is to determine the prevalence of HIV/AIDS among intended donors.
1.4 Research Questions.
(1) What is HIV/AIDS?
(2) What is the mode of transmission?
(3) How prevalent is it in the population?
(4) Why is it important to determine its prevalence among potential donors?
1.5 Significance of the Study
This study provides a clear picture of the prevalence of HIV/AIDS among intended donors. It also contributes to a preliminary study to identify intending blood donors who are medically fit to donate blood.
1.6 Scope of the Study
The study focusses on the incidence of HIV/AIDS among potential donors.
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