Prevalence Study Of Hepatitis B (Australian Antigen) Among Patients
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Prevalence Study Of Hepatitis B (Australian Antigen) Among Patients
ABSTRACT
The prevalence of viral hepatitis B was investigated among patients at the National Orthopaedic Hospital in Enugu. The samples consisted of 200 men, women, and children who were all patients at the Enugu Orthopaedic Hospital.
Laboratory investigations were conducted, and 110 out of 200 individuals tested positive for HBs, with liver function tests revealing abnormalities in almost all of the patients who tested positive for the HBsAG standard test.
Fever and jaundice were the most common clinical manifestations seen in Jo, out of the 110 patients. The infection rate was highest among young adults aged 21 to 30 years old.
This accounted for 17.5% of the positive patient population, with the lowest proportion among children aged 1 to 10 and the elderly aged 60 to 70, who accounted for 5% of the infected population.
The study also provided a general perspective on the group of individuals afflicted, whether children or adults, and the duration of the repetitive B. Hepatitis B, one of the leading causes of human misery worldwide, was discovered to be prevalent among patients at the National Orthopaedic Hospital Enugu, despite a thorough understanding of its transmission, prevention, and control through the use of vaccines.
Chapter one
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction to Hepatitis B.
Viral hepatitis is a disease that has existed throughout the history of medicine. Hepatitis was documented in the Babylonian Talmud in the 50th century BC and was mentioned by Hippocratic around 2000 years ago.
Despite this old understanding, the first human Repetitious virus, Hepatitis B, was identified in 1963. Hepatitis A was easily purified in 1973, and viruses C, D, E, and G were isolated more subsequently. These viruses are known to infect the human liver (Anderson et al., 2001).
However, more than twenty different viruses can infect the human liver. These are not considered “Repatitis viruses” because the other viruses attack organs other than the liver more seriously.
These include common viruses like Cytomegalovirus (CMV), Mumps, Rubella, and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), as well as uncommon ones like Rassa fever and yellow fever viruses.
Repatitis refers to any infection that causes inflammation of the liver. Interestingly, not all “hepatitis” is caused by viruses. “HEPATITIS” means “inflammation of the liver” and can be caused by different types of infection (bacteria, fungi, etc.), toxic medications, poisons, drunkenness, and so on (Drexott etal; 2005).
One Repatitis virus, Hepatitis B, is of particular relevance because it is one of the most common infectious diseases, causing an estimated 1.5 million deaths worldwide each year. Hepatitis B is caused by the Repatitis B virus (HBV), a double-stranded circular DNA virus with complex structure.
Hbv is classified as an orthopadnavirus in the family Hepadnaviridae. HBV was initially identified as the age-related or serum Repatitis, the most prevalent type of partially transmitted viral Repatitis and a major cause of acute and chronic liver infection.
This is why hepatitis B is sometimes referred to as seum Repatitis. The virus was previously referred to as the Australian antigen. The reason for this is that it was initially found in the blood of an Australian aborogie and is linked to HBV. (Procott et al. 2005).
Despite a thorough understanding of its transmission and prevention, Hepatitis B remains one of the leading causes of human suffering around the world. Serum from people infected with hepatitis B contains three types of antigen particles:
a spherical 22nm particle, a 42nm spherical particle (including DNA and DNA polymer able) known as the Dane particle, and tubular or filamentous particles of varying length.
The Dane particle, the virus’s infective form, is made up of small spherical and tubular particles that have not been assembled. Unassembled particles. Contain hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)
whose presence in the blood is (a) an indicator of Repatitis B infection, (b) the basis for large-scale screening of blood for the hepatitis B virus, and (c) the basis for the first vaccine for human use developed using recombinant DNA technology (Evans, 1997).
The Hepatitis B virus is typically spread through blood transfusions, contaminated equipment, drug users’ unsterile needles, or any body secretion (saliva, soren, perspiration, breast milk, urine). The virus can also pass from an infected mother’s blood through the womb and infect the foetus.
Every year, an estimated 200, 000 persons in Nigeria become infected with Australian Antigen (HBV); approximately 1000 people die from hepatitis-related cirrhosis, and approximately 5000 die from HBV-related liver cancer. (HBV ranks second only to tobacco as a known cause of rumen cancer).
More than 200 million people worldwide are infected with HBV. The clinical indications of Repatitis B vary greatly; the majority of cases are symptomless. However, fever, lack of appetite, abdominal discomfort, nausea, exhaustion, and other symptoms may occur gradually after a 1- to 3-month incubation period.
The virus infects liver cells, resulting in liver tissue degradation and the release of liver-associated enzymes (transaminases) into the bloodstream. This is followed by jaundice, which is the buildup of bilirubin (a breakdown product of raemoglobin) in the skin and other tissues, resulting in a yellow colour.
The characteristic yellow jaundice that Hepatitis B frequently causes on its sufferers’ skin has made it a highly identifiable disease throughout recorded history. abrupt hepatitis B is often anicteric and symptomatic, though abrupt liver failure can occur.
The virus remains in approximately 10% of infected immune-compliant adults, and up to 90% of infants infect peninatally, depending on the mother’s ethnic group. Around 350 million persons worldwide are chronic carriers of hepatitis B.
Actually, one out of every twenty infections leads to chronic hepatitis, which is defined as persistent hepatitis virus six mouths after the commencement of the acute sickness.
Chronic HBV infection can begin with normal liver blood tests (“Chronic Carrier State”) or as an aggressive inflammatory condition (“Chronic active hepatitis”), resulting in severe scarring (“Cirrhosis”).
Approximately 25% of all chronic hepatitis patients will advance to cirrhosis, and 20% will acquire hepatocellular cancer. That example, liver cancer (hepatoma) is common in HBV-induced cirrhosis.
Hepatocellular carcinoma is one of the most common tumours globally (Seeger and Manor, 2000).
Virus replication persists in the liver during the initial phase of chronicity, and replicative intermediates of the viral genome may be found in DNA recovered from hepatic hiopsies. HBVDNA, DNA polymerisation, and hepatition.be antigen (\HbeAG), released by productively infected hepatocytes, all contribute to virus replication in serum.
In those infected at a young age, this phase may last a lifetime, however virus levels normally decrease over time. In most people, the immune system clears infected hepatocytes associated with seroconversion low replication;
however, the viral senome may integrate into the chromosomal DNA of certain hepatocytes, allowing these cells to persist and expand closely. Rarely, seroconversion to anti-HBs occurs after virus replication is cleared, but more typically, HBSAg remains during the second phase of chronicity due to the expression of integrated viral DNA.
VIRAL REPLICATION.
In terms of HBV replication, the primary process of viral infection is the expression of the viral replication cycle in a rost cell. The steps for the infection process involving HBV often involve the following:
Enter the host.
– Make contact and enter the vulnerable cell.
– Replicate within the cell.
– spread to adjacent cells.
– Cause cellular damage.
– Activate a host immunological response.
– Be either removed from the host’s body, established as a persistent infection, or killed.
– Be released back into the ecosystem (Prexote et al, 2005).
VIRAL SPREAD.
The mechanisms of viral dissemination vary, however the majority of roates incorporate bloodstream. The presence of viruses in the blood is known as VIREAMA>HBV and is transmitted through blood, body secretions, needles, the placenta, and sexual contact.
This is to say that transmission occurs via parental pathways. Therefore, transmission of HBV can occur from person to person as a result of the transfer of blood by any prouder who tears the skin or mucous membranes.
HBV spreads primarily by parental transmission, with most cases occurring in adults. HBs (Australian Antigen) has been found in practically every bodily fluid of infected people, including saliva, tears, sperm, cerebrospinal fluid, ascetic fluid, breast milk, synovial fluid, gastric juice, urine, and, in rare occasions, the face.
This disease is thus a significant occupational concern for medical staff. It is frequently seen in patients who have received many blood transfusions or blood products, intravenous drug users, homosexuals, and the sexually promiscuous.
1.2 PURPOSE OF STUDY.
The importance of study cannot be overstated. Having considered the foregoing, this study fulfils the following aim or purposes.
1. To gain a general understanding of the group of people impacted, whether youngsters or adults.
2. To demonstrate the conditions that predispose to viral hepatitis and recommend ways to reduce the incidence.
3. Review the management of these patients, including vestigation and treatment.
4. To grasp the complex or extravagant nature of the structure of the hepatitis B virus and the destructive effect it has on the patient.
5. Compare and contrast primary data from this study to secondary data from the library.
6. Explain the rate of progression to chronicity, as well as the everyday activities that will not result in contact with HBV.
1.3 Significance of Study
This study was conducted to determine the existence and spread of this disease among patients at Nation Orthopaedic Hospital Enugu. Or to grasp and demonstrate the dominant hospital in issue.The significance of this study cannot be overstated, as HBV is unquestionably important in the life of impoverished countries, particularly in hospitals.
Many children are infected with the hepatitis B virus at a young age, and a considerable proportion of apparently healthy people are chronic carriers of HBsAg, also known as the Australia Antigen.
The significance of this work is considered in terms of having a better knowledge and understanding, or even broadening our perspective of the chronic and pathogenic aspects of HBV.
4.1 Statement of Problem
A study of this nature must undoubtedly involve problems. Hepatitis B is a viral disease that spreads through all body fluids, which means that one can contract the disease by exchanging bodily fluids with an infected person.
In contemporary society and hospitals, there are occasions where unscreened blood is delivered to a patient who has several sex partners and engages in unprotected sex while using sharp items carelessly. All of this predisposes to viral hepatitis B and puts the study at risk.
1.5 Limitations/Scope of Study
Because of time constraints, the scope of this investigation was restricted to match Witter’s time frame. Because of this, this study was limited to patients at the National Orthopaedic Hospital Enugu. As a result, the scope or delimitation of this study’s covering area is the National Orthopaedic Hospital in Enugu.
1.6 Hypothesis.
H0 Hepatitis B is common among patients in National Orthopaedic.
Hospital in Enugu.
H1 Hepatitis B is not common among individuals in the National
Orthopaedic Hospital Enugu.
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