ASSESSMENT OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION IN THE CONTROL OF MALARIA
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ASSESSMENT OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION IN THE CONTROL OF MALARIA
Chapter one
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
Malaria is an important public health issue, particularly in low and middle-income nations. According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), malaria transmission in Nigeria is alarmingly high, with over 76% of the population reporting more than one case per 1,000 people per year.
Between 2000 and 2015, the estimated incidence of malaria decreased by less than 50%. Nigeria and the Democratic Republic of the Congo account for more than 35% of the estimated global malaria mortality.
Malaria is primarily caused by protozoa (Plasmodium species) and spreads by the bite of an infected female Anopheles mosquito (Mwangangi et al., 2013). Human malaria is the most common vector-borne disease in the tropics and subtropics (Ahmad et al., 2011).
According to available figures, malaria is highly endemic in Nigeria, with more than 90% of the population susceptible to infection. Malaria is the leading cause of outpatient consultation for all age groups, and at least half of Nigeria’s population is exposed to at least one bout of malaria each year (Idowu J., 2012).
To reduce malaria parasite spread, an integrative approach has been advocated. One such strategy or approach is Integrated Vector Management (IVM), which uses a combination of biological and chemical treatments. Its goal is to increase the ecological soundness and sustainability of vector-borne illness control while also boosting efficacy and cost effectiveness (Zacchaeus and Amadi, 2012).
Researchers and scholars have advocated for the reduction, removal, and eradication of mosquito breeding sites by focussing on the environment, using a triad perspective that covers the agent, host, and environment.
These are important because mosquito populations continue to spread malaria. As a result, it is possible that eradicating or eliminating mosquito breeding areas will significantly reduce malaria.
This suggests that excellent environmental sanitation techniques can help reduce malaria transmission, boost health, and improve the quality of life for the population.
In its current sense, the environment comprises not just water, air, and soil, but also the social and economic conditions in which humans live (Park, 2011). Environmental factors play a significant role in human health
Environmental problems such as pollution, poor housing, animal reservoirs, and disease vectors can all contribute to poor health. Urbanisation, industrialisation, and other human activities frequently contribute to environmental contamination.
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