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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Declaration i
Dedication ii
Acknowledgements iii
Table of Contents iv
Abstract x
List of Abbreviations xi
Map of GTM Languages showing Tùtrùgbù xiv
CHAPTER ONE: GENERAL INTRODUCTION
Introduction 1Tùtrùgbù and Its Speakers 1The Migration Story 3Religious and Socio-Economic Life of the People 5Domains and Use of the Language 6Statement of the Problem 7Research Objectives 9Research Questions 9Significance of the Study 10Scope of the Study 10Organization of the Study 11Research Methodology 12Research Area 12Sample Size of the Research Population 12Data Collection Instruments 13Conversations 14Unstructured Interview 14Content Analysis 15Data Collection Procedures 15Conclusion 16
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL
FRAMEWORK
Introduction 18Literature Review 18Theoretical Framework 26The Autosegmental Theory 26The Mora Theory 27Conclusion 28
CHAPTER THREE: SOUND INVENTORY, SYLLABLE AND TONE
3.1 Introduction 30
3.5.0 Conclusion 89
CHAPTER FOUR:ATR HARMONY, LOANWORDS AND OTHER PROCESSES 4.1Introduction914.1.1The ATR Vowel Harmony914.1.2Words With [+ATR] Vowels934.1.3Words with [-ATR] Vowels954.1.4Words with [+ATR] and [-ATR] Mixed Vowels964.1.5/a/ Words with [+ATR] Vowels984.1.6Harmony at Phrase and Sentence Levels984.1.7Harmonizing Affixes1004.1.8Harmonizing Article1104.2.0Loanwords Phonology1124.2.1Sources of Loanwords1134.2.2Some Identifiable Loanwords1134.2.3Accommodation Strategies117 4.2.3.1 Change of Tone113 4.2.3.2 Class Marking in Noun Class Languages119 4.2.3.3 Change of Phonation120 4.2.3.4 Deletion to Rationalize Syllable Structure1214.3.0Other Phonological Processes124 4.3.1 Rhotacization and Retroflection125 4.3.2 Deletion at Clause Level125 4.3.3 Labialization and Glide Formation127 4.3.4 Nasalization129
4.4.0 Conclusion 130
CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS
Introduction 132Summary of Findings 133Contributions of the Study 136Recommendations 137Conclusions 138
References 139
Appendix A 146
Appendix B 147
Appendix C 158
Appendix D 163
Appendix E 166
ABSTRACT
This thesis presents aspects of the Phonology of Tùtrùgbù. The main focus of the study is the Syllable Structure, Tone, ATR Vowel harmony, and Loanword Phonology. The people of Nyagbo are called Bàtùgbù while the language is called Tùtrùgbù. Tùtrùgbù is
one of the fourteen (14) languages classified as Ghana-Togo Mountain (GTM) languages of the Kwa family. Nyagbo communities are located in the new Afadzato West District of the Volta Region. From the Ghana ethnologue (2010), Tùtrùgbù has a population of 4405
speakers out of which 2176 live in diaspora. Nyagbo shares borders with other GTM Languages like Tafi and Logba in the North and Avatime on the East. The objective of this research is to study the phonology of the language under the themes indicated above.
The significance of this study is that, data from Tùtrùgbù would be used for cross
linguistic study in relation to other world languages. Data for the study was collected through recording, use of picture stories and direct elicitation of structures with assistance from native speaker informants. The Theoretical Frameworks adopted for this study are the Autosegmental Theory (Goldsmith, 1976) and the Mora Theory. This thesis has demonstrated, among other things, how tone is used to express tense and aspect in the language. It has also shown that, vowels are in harmonious relationship and that foreign words are borrowed into the language through noun class marking, change of tone, change of phonation, deletion of some segments and epenthesis.
List of Abbreviations– 1st person pronoun– 2nd person pronoun– 3rd person pronoun
ADJ – Adjective
ADV – Adverb
AT – Autosegmental Theory
AUX – Auxiliary
CM – Noun Class Marker
COMP – Complementizer COMPL – Completive tense marker CONN – Connective
DET – Definite Determiner
EMPH – Emphasizer
FOC – Focus marker
FUT – Future marker
HAB – Habitual tense INDEF – Indefinite article
INT – Intensifier
LOC – Locative adverb
LOG – Logophoric Pronoun
NEG – Negative marker
OBJ – Objective form
PART – Particle
PST – Past tense
PL – Plural Marker
POSS – Possessive Pronoun POST.MOD – Post modifier
POT – Potential Marker PRE.MOD – Premodifier PREP – Preposition
PROG – Progressive form
Q – Question marker
SG – Singular Marker
SUBJ – Subject form
SM – System Marker
TBU – Tone Bearing Units
TP – Topicalizer
TRPS – Topological Relations Picture Series UNDP – United Nations Development Programme
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