BIODEGRADATION OF CYANIDE FROM CASSAVA MILL EFFLUENT IN EBELLE COMMUNITY OF ESAN LAND
The cyanide component of cassava mill effluent CME is highly toxic to man and it environment. This research was assessed using various concentrations of cyanide with variable concentrations of pH values, inoculum size and phenol, an inhibitory substance.
The heterotrophic bacterial and fungal counts were 6.32 x 108cfu/ml and 2.87 x 108cfu/ml respectively. The microorganisms isolated and characterized were: Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus, Escherichia coli, Lactobacillus, Micrococcus, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas, Salmonella, Corynebacterium, Aspergillus niger, Penicillium, Fusarium and Saccharomyces species.
The physicochemical parameters; pH (4.81), electrical conductivity (4860uS/cm), cyanide (17.13mg/l), chemical oxygen demand (2041.20mg/l), biological oxygen demand (1490.08mg/l), total dissolved solids (2478.60mg/l), cations and heavy metals such as Chromium (19.44 mg/l), Manganese (136.08mg/l), Iron (340.20 mg/l) and Nickel (121.50mg/l) were above the Federal
Environmental Protection Agency standard for effluent discharge. Bacillus, Pseudomonas and Aspergillus species which had the highest turbidity were used for the batch biodegradation studies. The result revealed that cyanide concentration of about 30ppm at pH 6 with inoculum size 6.5ml gave the highest cyanide degradation ability of 32.73% using Pseudomonas sp.
at a residence time of 8 days. It was also found that the same organism gave the best degradative ability in the presence of phenol, an inhibitory substance. The findings revealed that Pseudomonas sp. and Bacillus sp. can be utilized for remediating cassava mill effluent contaminated environment containing cyanide.
1.0 INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND OF STUDY
Biodegradation is the breakdown of materials through the aid of bacteria, fungi, or additional biological means, Vert et al. (2012). Eskander and Saleh, (2017) defines biodegradation as the fragmentation of all organic materials carried out by life forms comprising mainly of bacteria, fungi, protozoa and other organisms.
Through this biologically natural process, toxic contaminants are converted into less lethal or harmless substances. It can be described as an action leading towards a change in the chemical composition and structure of contaminant caused by biological activity leading to naturally occurring metabolite end products (Bachmann et al., 2014; Jabir and Mustafa, 2016).
Cyanide is a group of compounds which contains a C≡N group: one atom of carbon linked with one atom of nitrogen by three molecular bounds, Moradkhani et al. (2018);
Nwokoro and Uju Dibua (2014); Razanamahandry et al. (2017). In the environment, cyanides can be found in many different forms (Kuyucak and Akcil, 2013; Mirizadeh et al., 2014). It is also defined as a toxic nitrogen compound produced by living organisms comprising algae, bacteria, fungi, and plants as part of a defence mechanism against predation (Maniyam et al., 2013).
Nevertheless, these natural sources of cyanide are inconsequential in pollution of the environment in comparison to cyanide production through anthropogenic activities (Zohre et al., 2017). Cyanide is lethal to humans and animals (Parker-Cote et al., 2018; Tiong et al., 2015; Uzoije et al., 2011) and thus wastewater containing cyanide poses a threat to aquatic organisms and terrestrial organisms that utilise water on the mainland (Mekuto et al., 2013).
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BIODEGRADATION OF CYANIDE FROM CASSAVA MILL EFFLUENT IN EBELLE COMMUNITY OF ESAN LAND
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