CAUSES AND IMPLICATIONS OF FINANCIAL DISTRESS IN THE BANKING INDUSTRIES
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CAUSES AND IMPLICATIONS OF FINANCIAL DISTRESS IN THE BANKING INDUSTRIES
ABSTRACT
The study’s primary focus was on examining the causes and implications of financial difficulty in the banking sector. The study begins with a background summary of the problems and failures in Nigerian banks.
Documents on bank collapse and distress that were readily available indicated that financial institution distress, namely bank distress, had occurred for a very long time, even before independent.
To determine the primary causes and effects of financial crisis in the banking industry, information was gathered by distributing questionnaires to 80 respondents, first at the bank of Nig Plc, and then by thoroughly reviewing past studies that were published on the subject of the study project. Percentage was used for analysis and testing of the data collected.
The main conclusions based on the analysis and subsequent test show that the internal environment factors (lack of monitoring, executive incompetence, and poor portfolio management) and external environment factors (regulatory constraints, economic downturn, and political instability)
contributed to financial distress in the banking industry to varying degrees. Based on the findings, the researcher developed potential solutions to address the core causes of financial distress in Nigeria’s banking sector, which are ugly effects. Taking these into consideration would be very important for every person in all spheres of life.
CHAPITER 1
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Almost every aspect of Nigerian society is under trouble right now, including business, law enforcement, transportation, financial institutions, and a wide range of other areas.
In other words, the banking sector, which relies on consumer trust, is the one that is most clearly in trouble. In addition to being a location where valuables are kept for safekeeping, a bank serves as a vital link between deficit and excess, hopes and trade, theories and industrialisation in any economy.
It is a nation’s cornerstone industry.
Distress can imply different things to different individuals, but generally speaking, it’s considered to be a bad state of affairs.
When a bank is unable to fulfil its goals or commitments owed first and foremost to its clients, shareholders, and the neighbourhood where it was founded, it is considered to be in distress or to have failed.
The high rate of bank collapse and financial difficulty is attributed to a number of issues, including low asset quality, staff capital inadequacy, insider fraud, and economic variables. These issues are the project’s main source of concern.
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
After introducing the problem of financial hardship and failure in Nigerian businesses, it is vital to address the problem of financial distress and failure in Nigerian banks. Despite the fact that banks are considered corporations by law, they differ greatly from other corporations in many respects.
For starters, because they are service businesses, they are subject to more regulation and oversight than other businesses, organisations, or sectors.
According to Section 20 of the Nigerian Law, Banks and Other Financial Institutions Decree No. 25 of 1991, a bank may not maintain fixed assets unless they are necessary for the regular operation of their business. A bank is only allowed to have a small amount of equity (interest) in businesses unrelated to banking.
A bank must maintain an 80% cash reserve and a 30% liquidity ratio. 60 banks’ distressed status in 1995 was changed by the liquidity. After that, there are many more distressed banks.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
According to Osuala 1987, “the statement of a research problem serves to elaborate upon the information in the title of the study” and that study’s focus is on an inquiry of the reasons for and effects of financial distress in the Nigerian banking sector.
The internal and external environments in which banks conduct their operations are just a few of the reasons that have contributed to the dreadful collapse of the banking sector.
i. Regulatory restrictions that made a significant contribution to cleaning up the financial sector.
ii. Due to the rapidly declining exchange rate, the economic downturn robbed the bank of its vibrancy as an economic activity.
iii. Political unrest that discourages investment and slows down output.
This is one of the internal elements that contributes to banking failure anguish. Another is the management board’s lack of mentoring experience.
3.0 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
This only indicates that the researcher’s goals and objectives were to comprehend the investigation. It provides a summary of the study as a whole and heavily addresses the issue and implications raised.
The following are related to this and the study’s goal.
1. To determine the extent to which regulatory restrictions have helped to clean up the financial system.
2. To understand how a downturn in the economy robs the bank of its dynamism in business.
3. To determine the extent to which political unrest can result in poor investment.
4. To talk as much as possible about how a bank failure in Nigeria and financial suffering could be caused by a lack of monitoring experience.
5. To talk about how a lack of managerial expertise might cause trouble in the banking sector.
1.4 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
Investigation into the causes and effects of bank crisis in Nigeria Plc Enugu is the focus of the study, or the research activity.
THE HISTORIC HISTORY OF FIRST BANK PLC
First Bank of Nigeria Plc has made a name for itself as a feed banking institution and a significant driver of Nigeria’s economic growth for more than a century.
Sir Alfred Jones, a Liverpool shipping mogul, created The First Bank Plc in 1894. The bank started out as a tiny business in the Lagos office of Elder Dempster and Company.
It was established on March 18, 1894, as a limited liability corporation with its headquarters in Liverpool. After taking over the operations of its predecessor,
the Africa Banking Corporation, which had been founded earlier in 1892, it went into business under the name bank of British West African (BBWA) with a paid up capital of 12,000 (twelve thousand pounds sterling).
The bank that was going to open in the banking sector announced its dominant position in west Africa. The bank saw excellent development in its early years of operation and collaborated closely with the colonial administration to carry out standard central bank duties including issuing spode across the sub-region of west Africa.
In 1896, Accra Gold Coast (now Ghana) saw the opening of a branch, and two years later, in 1898, Free Town Sierra stood alone. In 1900, the bank opened a second office in Nigeria in the ancient Calabar, and two years later, services were expanded to the country’s northern regions.
The bank continues to operate the biggest branch network in the sector. A total of 315 of this bank’s branches are located around the federation, including one in London.
Additionally, the bank has expanded into a variety of financial activities and services. These include insurance brokerage, business and retail banking, trusteeship, and registraship.
The bank undertook many restructuring initiatives beginning in 1957 when it changed its name from bank of British for west Africa to bank west Africa in order to reposition itself and take advantage of opportunities in the changing environment.
In accordance with the company decree of 1968, the bank was domestically formed as the Standard Bank of Nigeria Limited in 1969. The bank’s name was changed to first bank of Nigeria limited and first bank of Nigeria Plc, respectively, in 1979 and 1991.
OWNSHIP/FORMATION OF CAPITAL
Nigeria’s First Bank is a limited liability business. Citizens and organisations in Nigeria legitimately own the bank’s shares. Up to 5% of the issue share capital of the bank is held by the management of the staff pension fund. Two hundred nine thousand nine hundred and thirty-three (309,933) people own it.
Twelve thousand pounds sterling was the original capital (7) 12,000 The bank’s share capital increased to N650,385 billion (six hundred fifty billion three hundred and thirty five billion naira). The bank’s overall asset base was one hundred eighty five hundred fifty three billion naira ($180,553),
while its deposit base was one hundred twenty seven billion two hundred thirty billion naira ($127,230). At eighteen thousand one hundred and ninety billion naira (18,190), or 13 naira ninety-nine kobo (13.99) per share, its market capitalization is 18.8% adequate.
The bank’s headquarters are at 35 Marina PMB 5216 Samuel Ashaba House in Lagos. Three hundred and eighteen (318) branches make up this bank. Six thousand one hundred and eighty two (6.182) people work for it around the nation.
The total number of employees at the Enugu office is four hundred and eighty-eight (488); this includes 126 junior employees, 336 senior employees, and 26 members of management.
1.5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
The researcher will use the following query as a guide throughout the study process.
i. What have been the main causes of the bank polarisation in Nigeria?
ii. How much has this polarisation contributed to the financial industry’s distress?
iii. What other elements may be used to explain the underlying causes of bank distress in Nigeria?
iv. What part did the bank’s directors play in disturbing their institutions?
v. Who should be appointed as directors in the administration of the banking business and what kind of persons should they be?
vi. What is the government’s role in this despicable condition in Nigerian banks?
vii. What steps need to be taken to prevent a complete collapse of the financial sector.
1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
Since the national bank of Nigeria’s demise in the early 1990s, bank failure and distress have been a pressing concern in Nigeria.
This situation was unresolved until the introduction of managers in all of the country’s banks. A plausible explanation for this study may be found in the yearly rise in the number of failing,
unhealthy banks and the resulting harm to depositors’ faith in the Nigerian banking system, as well as the need to prevent the Nigerian economy from collapsing completely.
In other words, the significance of this study refers to how significant or helpful the research is to the government, suppliers, shareholders, management, and future investors. More importantly, it offers knowledge and information that will improve understanding of the subject being discussed.
When the research is finished, the following groups of people in particular will be able to rely on its results and recommendations. bankers and researchers. Students, government officials, and the general public are all affected by banking.
1.7 DEFINITION OF TERMS
1. Distress: An unfavourable circumstance or the inability to achieve predetermined aims
2. Political unpredictability: Constant political upheaval, an unstable political climate, or an abrupt shift in policy
3. Liquidation: Permanent suspension of operations due to failure, financial crisis, or insolvency
4. Internal environment: Aspects largely affecting the bank’s immediate surroundings that the bank can directly affect
5. Financial intermediaries: A channel for the public and the bank to communicate financially
6. Management incompetence: a general lack of managerial ability or knowledge of how to handle various enterprise branches
7. Illiquid: Complete lack of liquid funds or close to cash in any organization’s management structure.
Fraud is defined as any dishonest conduct that is done with the intent to deprive a person, business, or other entity of their property or other belongings without the owner’s knowledge or consent.
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