CHRONICLE AND CONSEQUENCES OF INSURGENCY IN KADUNA STATE NIGERIA
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CHRONICLE AND CONSEQUENCES OF INSURGENCY IN KADUNA STATE NIGERIA
Abstract
This research looked at the history and impact of insurgency in Kaduna, Nigeria. Four objectives were proposed: to investigate the causes of insurgency in Kaduna State, to investigate the relationship between governance and the management of security challenges in Kaduna State,
to investigate the effect of insurgency on the socioeconomic development of Kaduna State, and to investigate the consequences of insurgency in Kaduna State.
The study’s overall population is 75 residents from Kaduna South local government in Kaduna state. The researcher collected data using questionnaires as the instrument. This study used a descriptive survey research approach. The acquired data was organised into tables and analysed using simple percentages and frequencies.
The Kaduna state government should ensure that rising poverty indices are addressed and that a realistic social and economic security programme is pursued and systematically implemented to ensure that those whose businesses have been affected recover in good time,
and the government and other stakeholders should sensitise the general public on value reorientation in terms of social cohesion so that there will be peace devoid of mistrust between displaced persons and host communities.
chapter one
Introduction
1.1 Background of The Study
Since the return to civil rule in May 1999, Nigerian societies have been subjected to serious attacks from insurgent and criminal gangs with terrorist organisations, armed robbers, bandits, attacks from self-style Fulani herdsmen, youth restiveness, and other forms of civil unrest as the most terrifying of all these megalomanias.
The most disturbing recent forms of security threats in the country are those orchestrated by Islamic Jihadist movements- Boko Haram and Islamic State West Africa Province (ISWAP) in the north, on the one hand; and bandits, Fulani herdsmen, and farmers conflict on the other. Abolurin, A. (2011)
Insurgency is a difficult topic to define. It is defined by the United States Department of Defence (2007) as an organised movement with the goal of removing a constituted government by subversive tactics and armed warfare (Hellesen, 2008:14).
This term implies that insurgent groups use illegal measures to achieve a goal, which could be political, religious, social, or even intellectual. Insurgency seeks to oppose and overturn an existing government in order to gain control of authority, resources, or to share power (Siegel, 2007:328).
Apart from conventional crimes, Nigeria has faced emerging internal security challenges or threats in the last two decades or so, including resource-based conflicts in the Niger Delta, which introduced kidnapping of mostly oil workers into Nigeria’s crime scene; piracy in the Gulf of Guinea;
transnational or cross-border crimes, specifically arms, drugs, and human trafficking; cybercrimes; election violence; ritual killings; ethno-religious violence; terrorism and insurgency.
These more recent experiences are much more evident in the northwest geopolitical zone in which Kaduna State is located; thus, the State has its own set of experiences with growing security challenges, which have a big impact on its developmental efforts (Achodo, 2019).
Conflicts between herders and farmers are a key cause of insecurity in Kaduna State. The movements of herders from the north to the south, caused by a variety of circumstances, make Kaduna State a destination for the nomadic population, owing primarily to its strategic geographic location.
The state’s most noticeable topographical characteristic is its thick network of rivers, streams, and other drainages, which is very appealing to herders, particularly those migrating from the Sahelian North, where water is scarce owing to climate change and environmental degradation.
Although both sedentary farmers and nomadic herders in the state compete for the resources they need to sustain their occupation, the conflict between them is exacerbated by a number of other factors, including drought and desertification,
which affect pasture production and the drying up of natural water resources. Furthermore, high population increase causes more people to compete for resources that have already been depleted as a result of climate change (Aduku, 2018).
It is essential to observe that because the majority of nomadic herders are Muslims, resource-based disputes between them and farmers in Kaduna state’s southern half, where the population is predominantly Christian, are given religious coloration.
Traditional migration routes (burtali) for cattle movements and designated grazing reserves have been obstructed as a result of increased rural settlements and urban city expansion;
development of public infrastructures such as roads and dams; acquisition of land by large-scale elite farmers; and the creation of industrial or commercial enclaves.
This circumstance has skewed any previous arrangements intended to allow herder movements in order to minimise or even avoid the triggering of disputes between the two groups, primarily owing to crop damage Ajayi, A. I. (2012)
Pastoralist tribes in West Africa have a long tradition of seasonal movement, using recognised livestock corridors (burtali) not only for pastures, but also to avoid areas plagued by livestock diseases or to engage in livestock commerce.
Although these migrations are driven by economic activity, criminals have taken advantage of the permeable nature of our borders to carry out their cross-border crimes.
The protocol on transhumance, titled “Decision A/DEC.5/10/98 Relating to the Regulations on Transhumance between ECOWAS Member States,” was signed during the 21st Conference of Heads of State in October 1998 in order to enable and monitor transhumance movements.
In accordance with the spirit of the protocol, “…all transhumance livestock shall be allowed free passage across points of entry into and departure from each country on the condition that they have ECOWAS International Transhumance Certificate (ITC).”
The arrangement was designed to monitor the herds before they leave the country of origin; protect the health of local herds; and allow the host communities to be informed. As part of the management measures, herds will be quarantined for veterinary examination to determine their health status.
Kaduna state is home to numerous forests, including the Kagoro and Kamuku, the latter of which borders Katsina, Niger, Zamfara, and Kebbi states. These woodlands are linked to other forests in different states, including Balmo (Bauchi), Falgore (Kano), Ruma (Katsina), and Kuyambana (Zamfara), which is why criminals may easily follow the route back and forth into Kaduna state, primarily through Birnin Gwari.
What makes these forests unique is that they are generally ungoverned and rarely policed. The majority of the population consists of pastoralists and sedentary rural farmers, although among the pastoralists are transhumance from neighbouring ECOWAS countries, Chad, and Cameroon, who migrate periodically in search of pasture and water.
These forests, which were originally isolated as Games Reserves or National Parks and contained a variety of tree species and wild animals, as well as serving as natural green walls against desert encroachment,
now only serve as hideouts for all types of criminals engaged in banditry, cattle rustling, kidnapping, armed robbery, and terrorism, and thus constitute yet another major source of insecurity in the state Rufa’i, M. A. (2018)
It is crucial to note that the majority of the people living in these forests are young people under the age of 30, who were raised as herders but are no longer in the business of herding cattle for a variety of reasons.
Among the reasons are that some of them lost their cattle to rustlers; climate change has resulted in land degradation, which reduces grazing lands and sources of water,
impacting on the survival of the cattle; insufficient veterinary attention for the cattle, resulting in the deaths of a significant number of herds from diseases such as rinder pest; and an increase in the population of herders and the effects of youth bulge, which grossly reduce the ratio. Oyelude, Oye. (2020)
It should be mentioned, however, that the majority of the kids in these woodlands are uneducated, unskilled, and unemployed. The majority of them did not take advantage of the nomadic education programme, which was created many years ago. Many of them have had poor moral upbringings and are simply Muslims by cultural identity, not by religious practise, and have not been exposed to basic Islamic understanding.
Surprisingly, in addition to their lack of education and abilities, a large proportion of them abuse drugs and alcohol. It is also documented that they make up the majority of individuals involved in cattle rustling, rural banditry, ransom kidnapping, and the abduction of women and girls to use as sex slaves in the jungles.
We have all kinds of small weaponry and light weapons, including anti-aircraft guns, in the hands of dangerous criminals whose primary mode of transportation is the motorbike. Oyelude, Oye. (2019)
However, as a result of these battles, Kaduna, a city that was previously very mixed, has been tragically divided along ethnic and religious lines. Today, the mostly Christian sections are referred to be Jerusalem,
while the predominantly Muslim areas are referred to as Makkah, specifically between the southern and northern parts. Without a question, this situation has far-reaching security ramifications for the state.
It is no secret that competition, animosity, and antagonism exist between the dominant Hausa/Fulani in the north and a considerable number of the lesser tribes in the south, with the latter seeing the former as suppressing and oppressing them.
Because the Hausa/Fulani in the northern part of the state are predominantly Muslims, while the majority of tribes in the southern part are predominantly Christians, most crises take on both ethnic and religious dimensions, which is exacerbated by the violent activities of restive youth on both sides. A. Olaniyan. (2018)
Religious extremism and intolerance are prevalent in Kaduna State, which has contributed to instability. This challenge stems from intra- and inter-religious rivalry, distrust, and opposing radical viewpoints. For example, Kaduna state is the headquarters of the so-called Nigeria Islamic Movement,
a Shi’a sect led by the outspoken and controversial Ibrahim Zakzaky. Zakzaky has been described as an anti-establishment character, a sort of renegade who runs his own security company and opposes national rules.
Kaduna also serves as the main headquarters for Sheikh Gumi’s Izala movement and Sheikh Dahiru Bauchi’s Dariqa movement, both of which have opposing forms of belief and worship to the point where one sees the other as an unbeliever. Even among Izala’s followers, there is a schism caused by different organisations.
Similarly, Kaduna is the centre of Christian Pentecostal movements in northern Nigeria, known for their claims of various miracles and spiritual healings, and they are largely opposed to conventional Christianity, particularly Catholicism.
These groups, whose leaders are sometimes referred to as “Men of God,” are always in the forefront whenever Muslims and Christians disagree,
and they demonstrate greater intolerance than all other Christian groups. Because of their charismatic look and emphasis on money and prosperity, the Pentecostals draw a notably large crowd of adherents, particularly among the youth Omede, A. J. (2011).
Aside from religious extremism, one of the most concerning contemporary security challenges to Kaduna State is rural banditry, which involves criminals invading rural towns and assaulting, maiming, and killing innocent inhabitants, most of whom are women and children.
Rural areas continue to face violence as a result of ethno-religious attacks motivated by suspicion and distrust among ethnic groupings. The other security danger is the constant blocking of highways, particularly Kaduna-Abuja and Kaduna-Birnin Gwari, where thieves abduct or kidnap road users only to release them when a ransom is paid.
These crooks demand millions of dollars in cash or threaten to kill their victims, causing many people to avoid using the roadways entirely. A significant observation is that these highway criminals sometimes disguise themselves in police or military uniforms and mount road blocks in which unsuspecting road users are trapped, forcefully abducted,
and taken into the forests, while at other times they carry out military-style ambushes by opening fire on road users who have no idea what is going on, and the end result has always been deaths and grievous bodily harm to road users Olabanji, O. E. & Ese, U. (2014).
Based on this context, the researcher want to look at the history and consequences of insurgency in Kaduna State Olabanji, O. E. & Ese, U. (2014).
The study’s thesis
Kaduna State has occupied a volatile place in the history of sectarian tensions and violence in Northern Nigeria since the 1980s. Tensions and confrontations between ethnicities, faiths, and political parties increased in Kaduna State beginning in the early 1980s.
In the broader Nigerian context, numerous groups have emphasised the importance of mobilising ethnoreligious and other identities in the struggle for survival. According to Kazah-Toure (2003), sectarian hostilities grew throughout Babangida’s reign from 1985 to 1993.
The economic crisis that began in 1982 exacerbated sectarian disputes, which were exacerbated by the implementation of the Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP) in 1986, which tried to privatise industries and balance trade.
The security challenge posed by domestic insurgency has reached a point where many people are fleeing Kaduna, particularly Kaduna South, to avoid being killed by the insurgents, and business owners are closing down their shops.
As a result, there appears to be a slowing of economic activities in Kaduna State, where the insurgency has spread its tentacles and severely crippled socio-economic activities.
Aim of the study
The study’s major goal is to discover the history and impact of insurgency in Kaduna state, Nigeria. The precise goals are as follows:
To ascertain the causes of the insurgency in Kaduna State.
To investigate the relationship between governance and security management in Kaduna state.
To investigate the impact of insurgency on Kaduna state’s socioeconomic development.
to ascertain the consequences of the insurgency in Kaduna state
Research Questions
To guide the investigation, the following research questions are formulated:
What are the root reasons of insurgency in Kaduna?
What are the connections between governance and security management in Kaduna state?
What is the impact of the insurgency on Kaduna state’s socioeconomic development?
What are the ramifications of the Kaduna state insurgency?
Research Hypotheses
To guide the investigation, the following null research hypotheses are developed:
H1: In Kaduna state, there are no main reasons of insurgency.
H2: In Kaduna state, there are no substantial links between governance and the handling of security concerns.
H3: The insurgency has had no significant impact on Kaduna state’s socioeconomic development.
H4: Insurgency has had no substantial impact in Kaduna state.
The significance of the research
The study will assist students, professors, the Kaduna state administration, and policymakers. The study will provide a thorough picture of the history and repercussions of insurgency in Kaduna state.
The findings of this study will help the Kaduna state government deal with the state’s insurgency. The report will also propose a solution to the problem of insecurity in Kaduna state. The study will also be used as a resource for other researchers who will be working on a similar topic.
scope of The study
The study’s scope includes the history and implications of insurgency in Kaduna state, Nigeria. The survey would only include residents of Kaduna South local government in Kaduna state.
Definition of Terms
A chronicle is a historical record of events presented in chronological sequence, similar to a time line. Typically, equal weight is assigned to historically significant events and local happenings, with the goal of recording events that occurred from the perspective of the chronicler.
repercussions: an outcome of an action or circumstance, especially (in the plural) a negative result: The repercussions of a shattered hip can be severe for someone who is elderly and frail.
Insurgency: An insurgency is a violent, armed insurrection against authority undertaken by small, lightly armed gangs operating typically from rural bases.
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