Comparison Of The Qualities Of Well Water And Tap Water
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Comparison Of The Qualities Of Well Water And Tap Water
Chapter one
1.1 Introduction
An adequate supply of safe drinking water is one of the most important elements for a healthy life, but waterborne infections remain one of the leading causes of death in many regions of the world, particularly among children. It also poses a significant economic barrier in many subsistence economies.
Water can be defined as a material on which all living creatures rely for survival. Water is so important to humans that we cannot function without it.
Drinking water is derived from two fundamental sources: surface waters (such as rivers and reservoirs) and subsurface water. The procedure for producing clean drinking water was created in the nineteenth century, as it became obvious that many deadly epidemics were caused by contaminated water.
All water contains natural contaminants, primarily inorganic contaminants derived from the geological layers through which it flows, as well as different degrees of anthropogenic pollution by microorganisms and chemicals.(Awake magazine, 2001).
Underground water is less prone to pollution than surface waters. There are several probable sources of man-made pollutants, some more significant than others. These are categorised as point and diffuse sources.
Discharges from industrial facilities and sewage treatment plants are point sources, making them easier to identify and control; runoff from agricultural land and hard surfaces, such as roadways, is less evident and difficult to control.
Such a source can cause significant changes in the pollutant load over time. In other words, the chemical, physical, and biological properties of water are critical in determining whether or not it is suitable for home, industrial, or agricultural applications.(Okiemen & Okiemen 2000).
Even while the earth is an effective method for filtering out particulate materials, such as leaves
Soil and Bugs In groundwater, dissolved chemicals can still be found in sufficient concentrations.
To cause issues. Underground water becomes contaminated from the surface. Organic pollutants, such as petroleum hydrocarbons and detergent, can be seen in the environment; organic chemicals break down over time in the environment; however, metals do not and can easily collect and concentrate in biological systems.
There is also the danger of chemical spills from industry and agriculture, as well as pathogen-containing slurries from intensive farming units. In some nations, poorly sited latrines and septic tanks are a substantial source of contamination, particularly for wells. Local industry can also contaminate water sources, especially when chemicals are handled and disposed of improperly.
Nutrient runoff or leaching into slow-flowing or motionless surface waters can cause cyanobacteria and blue-green algae to bloom excessively. Many species produce nuisance compounds that can alter taste and interfere with drinking water treatment.
However, they frequently create poisons that are harmful to human health, especially if treatment options are restricted. If treatment is not optimised, undesirable chemical residues from water treatment can cause pollution and sedimentation in water pipelines.
Contaminated drinking water distribution can result from elements such as iron, which can corrode and release iron oxide, or from contaminants entering the distribution system.
Diffusion through plastic pipes can occur when oil is spilt on the surrounding soil, resulting in taste or odour concerns. Contamination can also occur in consumers’ homes from materials used in plumbing, such as lead or copper, or from the backflow of liquid into the distribution system as a result of incorrect connections.These pollutants can be chemical or microbial.
Drinking water treatment for public water supplies consists of a series of barriers in a treatment train that vary depending on the supply requirements as well as the nature and vulnerability of the source.
These include systems for coagulation and flocculation, as well as filtration and oxidation. Chlorine is the most commonly used oxidising disinfectant.
This provides effective and robust pathogen barriers, as well as a readily quantified residual that can be used as a marker to demonstrate disinfection and as a preservative in water distribution.
National standards or international criteria are used to assess the safety of drinking water sources. The most important of these are the WHO Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality 2.
These are updated on a regular basis and are accompanied by a variety of technical publications outlining many aspects of water safety. The Guidelines are now based on Water Safety Plans, which take a much more proactive approach to ensuring safety from source to tap.
1.2. Justification
Water contamination has been a big issue in both urban and rural areas of Nigeria. All water contains natural contaminants, primarily inorganic contaminants derived from the geological layers through which it flows, as well as different degrees of anthropogenic pollution by microorganisms and chemicals. Underground water is less susceptible to pollution than surface water.
Television Village is a rural hamlet in Kaduna South that is a business area and hence suffers from a high level of pollution from both commercial and residential activity. These pollutants pollute the water supply in this area.
This is because these contaminants are not properly handled and so have the potential to pollute water sources through subsurface water flow. Consuming contaminated water may result in diseases such as diarrhoea, typhoid, and cholera.
The diseases listed above have been a big issue for the residents of Television Village. This project intends to analyse the quality of both tap and well water in this part of Kaduna state, which has never been done before.
1.3 Aim and Objectives
A. AIM
The goals are to compare the characteristics of well water and tap water from Television Village, which is accomplished through the following objectives.
B. Objectives
Heavy metal, chloride, and chromium concentrations, pH, total suspended solids, alkalinity, conductivity, and other parameters were determined in both well and tap water.
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