Effect Of Vitamins C And E On Memory In Adult Mice
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Effect Of Vitamins C And E On Memory In Adult Mice
ABSTRACT
Vitamins C and E occur naturally in some foods and are accessible as dietary supplements. Vitamin C is also known as L-ascorbic acid. Vitamin E is a generic name for tocopherols and tocotrienols, each with α, β, γ, and δ subunits. Neurobehavioural models have been used to investigate animal behaviour, with models tailored to each animal species and behaviour.
The study sought to determine the effect of vitamins C and E on memory and blood biochemical alterations in adult mice. Twenty male and female mice weighing between 16 and 35 g were placed into five groups of eight mice each.
The first group served as the control and received distilled water (1 ml/kg); mice in the second group served as the positive control and received soya oil (1 ml/kg); animals in group three received vitamin C (100 mg/kg); group four received vitamin E (100 mg/kg); and the final group received both vitamins C and E (100 mg/kg).
The medications were administered orally once every day for 21 days. At the end of the trial, learning and memory were assessed using the elevated plus maze (EPM), as well as object recognition and location models for memory (ORT and OLT).
Memory index was computed. On day 22, the mice were slaughtered, and serum oestrogen and testosterone levels were measured, as well as the activities of catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase. Malondialdehyde concentrations in brain samples were used to determine lipid peroxidation.
The connection between gonadal hormone levels and animal performance in all of the memory-related neurobehavioural models was positive. Males showed no significant difference in malondialdehyde concentration (P < 0.05) between the control and vitamin C-treated groups, whereas females did.
The activities of superoxide dismutase showed no significant difference in the males but showed significance (P < 0.05) between control and treatment groups in the females.
Catalase showed no significant difference in the females but showed significant difference (P < 0.05) between control and all groups, and glutathione peroxidase showed no significant difference between all groups (P < 0.05) of both males and females.
The memory index for the EPM indicated significant differences (P < 0.05) between the vitamin E-treated group and the soya oil and vitamin C-treated groups on the first day, and between the vitamin E and C-treated groups on the second day in females.
On both days, there was a significant difference between the control and treatment groups among males. The ORT model revealed a significant (P < 0.05) difference in discriminating and recognitive indexes between the vitamin E and E+C treated groups.
The OLT model revealed significant differences (P < 0.05) in discriminating and recognitive indices between vitamin E and vitamin C+E treated groups. Finally, vitamin C and E supplementation increased memory indices, and endogenous gonadal hormones were found to be positively related to recognition.
INTRODUCTION
Vitamin C, also known as L-ascorbic acid, is a water-soluble vitamin found naturally in some foods, added to others, and available as a dietary supplement. It is destroyed by heat or depleted by lengthy storage (Weinstein et al., 2001).
Because humans, unlike other animals, cannot synthesise vitamin C on their own, it is a necessary nutritional component (Naidu, 2003; Li, 2007). Sex steroids are hormones produced mostly by the reproductive glands, specifically the ovaries and testes, and have a similar basic structure of three hexane rings and one pentane ring (Gasbarri, 2010).
The primary function of gonadal steroid hormones in mammals is to regulate reproduction and related behaviours; however, both androgens and oestrogens play an important role in mediating higher brain function and processes, such as cognition, neural development, and neural plasticity (Dohanich, 2002).
The hippocampus system plays a crucial part in memory formation. Neurohormones such as androgens and oestrogens are found in the hippocampus and play key roles in learning and memory (Talebi et al., 2010).
Oestrogens affect the central nervous system (CNS) through genomic mechanisms that modulate the synthesis, release, and metabolism of neurotransmitters, neuropeptides, and neurosteroids, as well as nongenomic mechanisms that influence electrical excitability, synaptic function, and morphological features.
As a result, oestrogen’s neuroactive effects are diverse, encompassing a system of pharmacological, metabolic, and genetic pathways that protect against a wide range of neurotoxic insults (Genazzani et al., 2007).
Vitamin C, also known as ascorbic acid AA, is essential for the manufacture of collagen, L-carnitine, and some neurotransmitters; it also plays a role in protein metabolism (Carr and Frei 1999). Collagen is a key component of connective tissue that aids in wound healing. Vitamin C is an important physiological antioxidant (Carr and Frei, 1999), and it has been demonstrated to replenish other antioxidants in the body, such as alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E) (Jacob, 2002).
In addition to its biosynthetic and antioxidant effects, vitamin C aids immunological function (Jacob, 2002) and enhances the absorption of non-haeme iron, which is found in plant-based meals.
Scurvy is caused by insufficient vitamin C intake and is distinguished by weariness or lassitude, extensive connective tissue weakening, and capillary fragility (Weinstein et al., 2001; Wang, 2007).
Vitamin E refers to both tocopherols and tocotrienols. The family includes α, β, γ, and δ tocopherols and their corresponding tocotrienols. Tocopherol has saturated phytol side chains, whereas tocotrienol contains three double bonds (Blatt et al., 2001; Dietrich et al., 2006).
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