EFFECTS OF FEEDING PROCESSED CASTOR SEEDS AND CAKE MEALS ON THE PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF BROILER CHICKENS
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EFFECTS OF FEEDING PROCESSED CASTOR SEEDS AND CAKE MEALS ON THE PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF BROILER CHICKENS
ABSTRACT
To ascertain the impact of processed small seeded variety of dehulled castor seeds and castor seed cake on performance of broiler chickens, two feeding trials utilising isonitrogenous diets were carried out.
In broiler study one, the starter and finisher phases were conducted using 216 day-old broiler chicks and 204 broiler finishers that were five weeks old. In both investigations, a completely randomised design (CRD) was used. For experiment 1, the beginning phase lasted 0 to 4 weeks, and the finisher phase lasted 5 to 9 weeks.
Every phase included four treatments. Three copies of each treatment were performed. In the experimental meals for research 1, CS B60 was present at concentrations of 0% (control), 10%, 20%, and 30% for diets 1 through 4, respectively.
In the second broiler trial, the starter and finisher phases were conducted using 225 one-week-old broiler chicks and 135 six-week-old broiler finishers, respectively. The starting phase lasted between one and five weeks, and the finisher phase from six to nine weeks.
The initial phase included five treatments. The finisher phase was condensed to three treatments. The starter phase’s experimental diets included CSC B60 at 0% (control), 10% CSC B60 with 0.5% L-Lysine and 0.5% DL-Methionine supplementations, 20% CSC B60 with 0.25% L-Lysine and 0.25% DL-Methionine supplementations, and 20% CSC B60 with 0.5% L-Lysine and 0.5% DL-Methionine supplementations.
Diets for the finisher phase were CSC B60 at 0% (control), 10% CSC B60 with supplements of 0.33% L-Lysine and 0.25% DL-Methionine (diet 2), and 10% CSC B60 with supplements of 0.66% L-Lysine and 0.5% DL-Methionine (diet 3).
Therefore, aminoacid supplementations included increasing the amount of lysine and Dl-methionine in the supplemented meals by twice what was present in the lower level supplemented 10% or 20% CSC B60 diets. Three copies of each treatment were used during the starter and finisher phases.
Chemical tests of the castor seeds revealed that as boiling time rose, the amount of crude protein, crude fibre, and ether extract all increased. When compared to the unprocessed raw castor cake (RCSC), the anti-nutritional factor contents of CSC B60 showed lower levels of phytate, haemagglutinin, tannins, and oxalate (P 0.O5).
The results of Broiler Study 1 revealed that as the level of CS B60 in the diets grew, the final weight, total weight gain, and feed intake of broiler chicks steadily reduced and the feed to gain ratio increased. With rising CS B60 levels, dressing percentage fell.
As dietary levels of CS B60 increased, it appears that birds’ crude fibre digestibilities reduced. Between treatments, there were no discernible variations in PCV, Hb, or TP (P > 0.05). The results of broiler research 2 revealed that adding extra 0.25% amino acid supplements on top of the typical 0.25% supplements had no discernible impact on the growth and feed utilisation of the birds fed diets with CSC B60.
The majority of the birds fed 20% CSC B60 meals with or without additional amino acid supplements perished during the beginning phase. The two treatments that contained 20% CSC B60 were thus excluded from the experiment’s finisher phase.
For the 10%CSC B60 diet, dressing percentages dropped whether or not additional 0.25% amino acid supplements were added. The breast (%), back (%), thigh (%), and neck (%) all showed the same pattern. Between treatments, there were no discernible alterations in the PCV, Hb concentrations, or blood TP values (P > 0.05).
It was determined that diets containing CS B60 or CSC B60 were not suitable as feed ingredients in broiler starter or finisher diets. These diets also contained 0.5% L-Lysine and DL-methionine supplementations for the starting diet.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
The high cost of conventional feedstuff used in compounding animal meals is one of the issues the Nigerian livestock industry is now facing.According to Akinmutimi (2001), conventional or primary protein sources including soya beans, groundnut cake, fish meal, and cotton seed cake are not only expensive but also subject to competition from humans and other industrial users.
These materials are becoming extraordinarily expensive. It has been emphasised how important it is to use less expensive non-conventional feedstuffs. The castor seeds and castor seed cake (obtained after oil extraction) are the non-conventional feedstuffs taken into account in this study.
If the endeavour to employ castor seed and the cake is successful, it might lower the cost of animal production overall and feed production in particular, as well as boost the output of the livestock sector of Nigerian agriculture (Annongu and Joseph, 2008).
The castor oil plant (Ricinus communis L.) yields castor seed and castor seed cake. It is an angiosperm from the spurge family, Euphorbiaceae. Castor oil plant is not a legume, thus. It grows either wild or farmed in tropical and temperate locations all over the world.
Castor oil plant commercial production is uncommon in Nigeria. Unknown is the amount of production per year. The plant frequently grows wild near residences, farms, streams, and the sides of rivers.
The word “Zurman” is used in Hausa, “Ukpaka” in Ibo, “Sharai Jojo” in Tiv, “Ogiri” in Idoma, “Kpamfini” in Nupe, and “Ewe Laa” in Yoruba.
The dehulled seeds of the castor oil plant are commonly used as a flavor-enhancing food condiment in the southern states of Nigeria (Achi, 2005).
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After pressing the oil from the castor seeds (oil extraction), castor seed cake is produced. Castor seeds and their cake have been used in animal feeding, according to reports (Martins et al., 1982; Okorie and Anugwa, 1987; Ani and Okorie, 2002).
However, the presence of phytotoxins, principally ricin and ricinine (Liener, 1986), an exceptionally potent allergen (Horton and Maurice, 1989), and high fibre levels in undehulled seeds (Browning et al., 1990) restricts the use of castor seeds and castor seed cake as a feed element in chicken rations.
Additionally, it is known that the protein from castor seeds is lacking in the amino acids lysine and sulphur (Satar et al., 1979; Browning etal., 1990; Ani and Okorie, 2009; Ani, 2007). Lysine and methionine are lacking in the castor seed cake (Davendra, 1988).
The use of castor seeds and castor seeds cake meals as a source of protein in rations for pigs, chickens, and rabbits was hampered by antinutritional factors and nutrient deficiencies.
1.1 JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY
Depending on the degree of decortication and oil extraction, the crude protein content of castor seed ranges from 21 to 48% (Adedeji et al., 2006). Depending on the degree of decortications and deoiling, the cake contained between 32 and 48% crude protein (Rama Rao, 2004).
According to Akande et al. (2012), castor seed cake has a high crude protein content that is comparable to the protein found in the majority of traditional protein feed sources like soybean meal and peanut meal.
However, due to its toxicity from the inclusion of ricin, ricinine, and thermostable castor allergens, the seed and cake are not extensively utilised as a feed item in cattle rations (Ani and Okorie, 2009). Castor seeds can be processed using the many techniques used to prepare legume seeds for use in chicken diets.
According to Enujiugha and Ayodele-Oni (2008), traditional ways of processing castor seed and cake, such as heat treatment, soaking, and fermentation, may significantly lower the amounts of the anti-three nutritional components.
Castor seed cake and detoxified castor seed have been demonstrated to be effective sources of protein for ruminant animals, pigs, and chicks in animal feeding studies (Ani and Okorie, 2006; Oso et al., 2011; Akande et al., 2011).
Studies have also indicated that adding extra minerals and enzymes to diets made with castor seeds may improve their nutritional content (Okorie et al., 1988; Babalola et al., 2006; Ani, 2007).
Although 10% of the diet composition for poultry is the recommended amount, this study looked at various methods of detoxifying/processing castor seeds and castor seed cake in order to make the high protein content available for increased grill bird productivity.
1.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The purpose of this study was to:
I. Ascertain the impact of the length of time castor seeds and castor seed cake were boiled on their chemical compositions and levels of anti-nutritional components.
II. To ascertain how feeding grill chickens a graded amount of boiling castor seeds affects their growth performance, carcass features, nutritional digestibility, and haematological markers.
III. To ascertain the effects of lysine and methionine supplements on the consumption of diets that contain boiled castor seed cakes.
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1.3 RESEARCH HYPOTHESES
H01: Castor seeds and castor seed cake’s chemical compositions are not improved by boiling, nor does it have any impact on the level of antinutritional components that are reduced.
H02: Castor seed meal and cake that have been boiled are both inappropriate feed items for starter and finisher diet formulations for broilers.
H0 3: Adding lysine and methionine to the diets of broiler starting and finisher animals will not increase their ability to use processed castor seed cake meal.
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