Effects Of Immunization on Children Health
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Effects Of Immunization on Children Health
Chapter one
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
Childhood Immunisation is regarded as one of the greatest public health successes of all time. According to the WHO (2011). Immunisation rates have risen rapidly in recent years, with more youngsters immunised than in prior years.
Immunisations are projected to save two to three million lives each year worldwide (WHO, 2013). Diseases that once plagued millions of children worldwide have been eradicated, as indicated by the elimination of smallpox in 1977 (Public Health Agency of Nigeria [PHAN], 20009).
Childhood immunisation is the process of establishing immunity through the administration of vaccines. It is seen as critical for enhancing child survival.
This is because more than 10 million children in developing countries die each year as a result of a lack of access to effective interventions like immunisation, which may help them combat common and avoidable childhood illnesses (WHO, 2014).
Although almost three-quarters of the world’s kid population receives the needed vaccines, only half of children in Sub-Saharan Africa have access to basic immunisation. Furthermore, in developing countries’ poorest, more distant locations, just one in every twenty children had access to vaccination (UNICEF 2013).
Immunisation against Vaccination Preventable Diseases (VPDs) through the expanded immunisation programme (EPI) is one of the most cost-effective public health interventions available (UNICEF 2012), and it significantly contributes to meeting the Millennium Development Goal of reducing child mortality by two-thirds between 1990 and 2015 (UNICEF 2012, World Bank, 2013).
The Expanded Programme on Immunisation (EPI) was launched in 1974 to combat six vaccine-preventable diseases. These include diphtheria, polio, TB, measles, pertussis, and tetanus. In 2003, DPT3 global coverage was 78 percent, with around 27 million children unprotected.
South Asian and Sub-Saharan African countries had 9.9 million and 9.6 million uninsured children, respectively. In most of these countries, a poorly functioning health-care delivery system impedes efforts to reach immunisation targets (WHO, 2015).
As a result, children living in distant locations and border areas find it difficult to receive booster doses, particularly for polio and measles, during national or sub-national immunisation campaigns.
In Nigeria, vaccinations are administered on a regular and outreach basis. According to the Expanded Programme on Immunisation, all Nigerian children receive a routine immunisation schedule beginning at birth and ending before one year of age. BCG and OPV0 are given at birth
while three doses of OPV and pentavalent vaccines (which protect against diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, hepatitis B, and Haemophilus influenzae type B disease) are given at four-week intervals at ages six, ten, and fourteen weeks, and measles vaccine is given at nine months (WHO, 2012).
Less than half of children have gotten all recommended vaccines, with the exception of polio 1 (67%) and polio 2 (52%) (NPC, 2013). Furthermore, more than three times as many urban children as rural children are fully immunised (25% and 7%, respectively) (NPC, 2013).
It is therefore vital to research the parameters related with full child immunisation in Nigeria in terms of parental acceptance in order to improve the quality of life of these children.
Health care providers are responsible for encouraging childhood immunisation and ensuring that information offered to the public is evidence-based and accurate, as this is an essential part of professional conduct for practice (Plastow, 2012).
Parents’ socioeconomic status (especially their education and wealth status) has a substantial influence on their behaviour, which in turn influences health-seeking behaviour and, ultimately, child survival (Becler et al., 2013).
The aforesaid definitions required the researcher to select the perception of parents’ acceptability of immunisation in Government Hospitals and Clinics, Gwagwalada Area Council, Abuja, FCT.
Statement of the Problem
Immunisation is a primary approach to reduce child morbidity and mortality from common vaccine-preventable diseases (VPD). According to international comparison data, Nigeria has among the lowest immunisation coverage rates in the world (UNICEF, 2007).
According to the 2008 National Immunisation Schedule, the target percentage of fully immunised children was less than 1% in Jigawa, 15% in Yobe, 1.6% in Zamfara, and 8.3% in Katsina.
It was also reported that as of 2008, just 23% of Nigerian children aged 12-23 months had gotten all recommended immunisations, which included one dose of BCG and measles and three doses of DPT and polio.
The same poll revealed that 38% of Nigerian youngsters had not got any vaccines. As a result, hundreds of children are dying from diseases that could have been prevented by vaccines. Nigeria was named one of the countries having the highest incidence of poliovirus cases in 2009 by the World Health Organisation.
Routine immunisation coverage against polio and other VPDs was below national targets (WHO Nigeria, 2010). There are several explanations behind Nigeria’s low rates.
Given the protective effectiveness of immunisation and Nigeria’s poor immunisation coverage, it is critical to determine the factors influencing full child immunisation among 12-23-month-old Nigerian children in order to reduce child mortality and morbidity.
Objectives of the Study
The specific goal of the study is to:
1. Determine the parameters related with full child immunisation among children in the Jaji community in Igabi Local Government Area.
2. Determine the parents’ approval of immunisation.
3. Identify ways for resolving immunisation issues.
Research Questions
When conducting such large-scale study, research questions are quite important. This includes:
1. What variables contribute to full immunisation of children in the Jaji community in Igabi Local Government Area?
2. What is the view of parental acceptability of immunisation in the research area?
3. What initiatives are intended to address immunisation concerns?
Significance of the Study
The study’s findings will be used to produce recommendations for health care professionals on how to support, respect, and educate parents about immunisation. This research can enhance health care professionals’ education and practice.
The health sectors in Government Hospitals and Clinics, Jaji Community, and Igabi Local Government Area would gain since it will lay the groundwork for and strengthen immunisation programs.
Households in Government Hospitals and Clinics, Jaji Community, Igabi Local Government Area, would profit from their children being immunised against six killer diseases.
Government hospitals and clinics, the Jaji community, the Igabi Local Government Area, and the entire country would profit from these laudable goals.
The scope and limitations of the study
The scope focused on the impacts of immunisation on children’s health in the Jaji community, Igabi Local Government Area.
It is limited to Nurses and Parents in the research locations.
The researcher confronted substantial challenges during this research project due to a lack of time and budgetary constraints.
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