Project Materials

EVALUATION OF CURRENT TECHNIQUES IN DIAGNOSES OF HUMAN IMMUNE DEFICIENCY VIRUS (HIV)

ABSTRACT

A study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of certain procedures used in the diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Two hundred and five samples (203) were collected from patients at the University of Nigerian Teaching Hospital and analysed using the Elisa kit, which has the ability to detect antibodies and antigens in the patients’ serum. Western blots were used as a confirmatory test to the Elisa test. In the event of a false positive, the Elisa test is specific and sensitive. Radioimmunoassay looks for antigens that have been radioactively labelled. The patient results show that 154 of the 205 diagnosed were negative, while only 51 were positive. The Elisa kit was most effective because of its sensitivity and specificity. It is inexpensive and widely available in the market, as opposed to radiommunoassays, which are rare and costly to employ.

Chapter one

Introduction

The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is the virus that causes acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), a disease that gradually damages the body’s immune system and makes it susceptible to infection.

The virus is commonly known as Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) because it destroys an individual’s immune system, which is responsible for defending them from disease.

HIV infection can induce massive immunodeficiency, which is the leading cause of death due to immune system failure. The difficulty with AIDS is that it causes a neurological dementia complex.

HIV is a lentivirus, a type of retrovirus. The virus family is associated with lafency, persistent viremia, nervous system infection, and a weakened immune system.

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a little ultra-microscopic bacterium that infects living things and uses them to replicate itself. When an individual’s immune system is weakened by HIV, AIDS occurs (Gallants, 1999).

HIV was discovered in 1981 in homosexual men in New York City. In the United States, HIV is now recognised to have started in chimps and spread from chimps to humans.

Initially, there was widespread uncertainty about the cause of AIDS, but in 1982, the Centre for Disease Control obtained solid epidermal evidence that AIDS was caused by a novel infectious pathogen.

Dulbecco et al. (1983) discovered little amounts of the novel virus known as Lymphademopalty virus (LAN), but enough to utilise an antigenina blood test to establish that AIDS patients were infected with the virus. WHO (19097) reported that the number of AIDS cases has increased, with 9000 confirmed by May 1997.

The first response to AIDS in Africa occurred in 1982. In Nigeria, it was initially reported in 1986 among commercial sex workers in Lagos and Calabar. In 2003, the seroprevalence has been on the rise, despite the thorough and successful prevention effort in many parts of the world, 4.1 million new HIV infections were predicted to occur.

In 2003 alone, an estimated 9,020 to 10,000 infections occurred per day. AIDS infections in Nigeria are currently a major health concern, according to reports from various hospitals, notably tertiary hospitals.

The potential and inclination for spreading is immense, and the economic impact is crippling and damaging. The population category affected the working class and dependents, who are the working class’s last line of defence. HIV infections in this direction and orientation must be treated as a national emergency in Nigeria.

Meanwhile, Dr. Robert Gallo’s laboratory began recovering a virus from an AIDS patient and published the results in a scientific journal. A number of these vinal isolates were combined into continuous cell cultures to test if a strain of the virus might multiply in the cells.

One did replicate, and Gallo’s dubbed the virus HILV. III because it resembled two human T-lymphotropic viruses. (Nesser, 2001). By 2004, it had been demonstrated that many symptomatic persons were infected with the virus and capable of transmitting it, and that the epidemic was significantly more widespread than previously thought.

Blood tests were generally available for routine blood donation. This significantly improves the safety of blood transfusions and products derived from pooled blood (Peiperls, 1995).

1.1 Hypothesis.

H.O: There is a considerable difference in the results of Westernblots (WB), Enzymes Linked Immuno (Elisa), and Radiommuneoassay kits between HIV carriers.

HI: There is no significant variation in the results of Enzymes linked – immurosorbentassay (Elise), Western blots (WB), and Radommunoasay kit (RIA) amongst HIV carriers.

1.2 Aims and Objectives

To evaluate the current approaches for diagnosing Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV).

To help recommend the best and most dependable essay about HIV

1.3 Statement of The Problem

The primary issue with HIV/AIDS in underdeveloped countries has been the failure to establish realistic goals for both research and control.

As clinical diagnosis fails to adequately focus on the virus attack, there is an increase in HIV infections. Some particular procedures are used to diagnose HIV infections.

1.4 Limitations of the Study

This work is being carried out at the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital in Enugu. There is a lack of financing in the completion of the project work, a lack of project work, and a lack of available time, all of which lower the amount of time used.