EXAMINATION OF INCIDENCE OF MALARIA INFESTATION CAUSED BY DIFFERENT SPECIES OF PLASMODIUM (A Case Study Of Parklane Hospital Enugu)
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Pages: 75-90
Questionnaire: Yes
Chapters: 1 to 5
Reference and Abstract: Yes |
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ABSTRACT
The incidence of plasmodium species (P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale, and P. alaria) that cause human malaria in Enugu metropolis was investigated at Parklane Hospital using their patients. Thick and thin blood smears were prepared and analysed after adequate staining. The Giemsa and Liesman staining methods proved to be efficient. It was discovered that P. Falciparum was the most common of the fair species, whereas P.Ovale was present. P.Malaria and P.Ovale’s reports were not substantial enough to record. Prevalence is higher among youngsters than among adults.
Chapter one
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
Malaria, a febrile illness caused by a protozoan of the germs Plasmodium, is a public health problem that causes suffering and premature death in tropical and subtropical countries due to high rainfall and long periods of warmth that promote mosquito breeding and human infection (Adams and Magraitt 1980).
Malaria is on the rise in many endemic areas, making management difficult due to the parasite’s resistance to antimalarial drugs and the failure of vector control methods.
The dangerous zone currently houses almost two billion people. The disease claims the lives of 200-300 million people each year. The majority of the victims are children under the age of five (5) and pregnant women living in locations with stable malaria transmission (intence malaria). Malaria also poses a concern to tourists and immigrants, as well as unusual cases of malaria.
There are four Plasmodium species that infect humans. Although infections are uncommon, they do occur in the United States and other nations where malaria is not transmitted.
Falciparum and Plasmodium vivax, which are widespread across the malaria belt. Plasmodium malaria is widespread, but Plasmodium Ovale is uncommon, but it is replacing P. Viax in West Africa, where it has been related to a lack of Duffy blood group (John Murray, 1880).
Malaria (plasmodium protozoa) has a three-stage life cycle. The first stage takes place in the Mosgintos body (exogenous stage). The second and third phases occur in a person’s body (exogenous stage), while the first stage occurs when the mosquito bites a Samoan who has malaria.
Plasmodium enters and reproduces in the insect’s gut. The protozoan young make their way into the mosguito saliva. The second stage happens when a mosquito bites another person.
During the third stage, each plasmodium invades a red blood cell and multiplies again. Infected blood cells eventually rupture and release a large number of plasmodia, which infect more red blood cells.
The parasites continue to invade, reproduce, and burst cells, resulting in the periodic fever bouts that are characteristic of malaria.
Every time red blood cells burst, an attack occurs. Some plasmodia develop further in human blood and can replicate within a mosquito’s body. They enter the insect’s body, and when the mosquito bites a person, the life cycle begins again.
Figure:
THE LIFE CYCLE OF THEMALARIA PARASITE
Human malaria is only spread by female anopheline mosquitos. Anophelines carry malaria, filariasis, and several viral diseases, however other mosquitos are more important carriers of the latter two ailments.
In the zoological taxonomy, the Anopheless belong to the order Diptera, sub-order Nematocera, family culicidae, sub-family culicinae, and tribe Anophelim. Within the tribe Anophelin, the germ Anopheles has multiple sub-genera. (Ketchum 1984).
There are over 400 Anophelese mosquito species worldwide, but only about 60 of them are natural malaria vectors; of these, about 30 are of important relevance.