FACTORS INFLUENCING CULTISM IN PRIMARY SCHOOLS AND ITS EFFECT ON THE ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE
ABSTRACT
The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of formal education on Nigerian women’s attitudes toward family planning. Furthermore, the study examined relevant and extensive literature under subheadings. The descriptive research survey design was used in this study to assess the opinions of the respondents via a questionnaire and a sampling technique.
A total of 160 (seventy-sixty) respondents were chosen as samples to represent the entire population of the study. Using the Pearson Product Moment Correlation and the independent t-test statistical tools, four null hypotheses were developed and tested at the 0.05 level of significance in this study. At the conclusion of the analyses, the following results were obtained:
1.Hypothesis one revealed that adult educational programs have a significant influence on the family planning decisions of couples.
2.Hypothesis two discovered that a couple’s socioeconomic status significantly influences their level of family planning.
3.Hypothesis three findings indicate that religious beliefs of couples have a significant relationship with their level of family planning.
4.Hypothesis four demonstrates that there is a significant difference in attitudes toward family planning between educated and illiterate couples. In all cases, the null hypothesis was rejected. This shows that adult education programs have a significant impact on the level of family planning among couples in Lagos State’s Ikeja Local Government Area.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 The Study’s Context
Education is a dynamic activity that involves a systematic, deliberate, and long-term effort to develop knowledge and skills (Olusakin, 1998). Formal education, according to Awoniyi (1999), is the process by which the human mind develops through school learning in stages ranging from pre-primary to primary, secondary, and tertiary (university) institutions. The current socioeconomic situation in Nigeria has demonstrated that women, like men, require a solid, formal education.
According to Lai (1995), in the past, a woman had little or no status as a person in her own right. In Nigerian society, women were viewed as their husbands’ property, and as such, they had no say in the affairs of their own home. Women’s roles primarily included caring for their husbands and children, in-laws, the family compound, child-bearing and child-rearing.
Her position was assumed to be in the kitchen as well. Only a few people, however, would deny that women play important roles in society. Despite the fact that the average Nigerian woman continues to play her basic traditional roles as a daughter to her parents, sister to her siblings, wife to her husband, mother to her children, and daughter or sister inlaw to her husband’s family, she is economically viable and contributes financially to the family’s upkeep.
Before independence, girl-child education was not common in traditional Nigerian society, according to Adiele (2000). In fact, her birth would be less celebrated than the male child’s, and depending on how many female children the mother had given birth to before her, the birth of another girl-child might force her mother to marry. This is still a major issue in some homes, even among educated men.
Education should be regarded as an excellent line of defense for women confronted with life-threatening situations perpetuated by traditional lifestyles. It provides access to a plethora of options that were previously unavailable through traditional means (Nwagwu, 1996). Education, according to Grange (1997), promotes shaping one’s own destiny. The educated Nigerian woman’s situation extends beyond motherhood and improves the quality of life in her family.
As a result, continuous child-bearing places a woman in a very vulnerable position physically, economically, and psychologically; however, barrenness is viewed as a curse in Nigerian society due to high infantile mortality; however, advances in medicine have greatly increased the survival rate among both infants and adults.
According to Onyeanwu (2001), incessant child-bearing is no longer necessary; instead, it poses a significant risk to the mother’s health as well as increased family size that cannot be supported by family resources, particularly now that the Nigerian economy has tanked, resulting in unemployment among men in society.
To improve the living conditions of Nigerian families, the lives of women, who are the foundation of every household, should be improved, and the regulation of the size of the size of the nuclear family, through family planning, cannot be overstated (Lai, 1990).
Women have faced a great deal of discrimination. Despite the fact that family planning is available, people only see them as breeding machines. Women’s empowerment would result from the dissemination of relevant and appropriate information.
This can help to break the intractable poverty cycle that many Nigerian families have become associated with as a result of a lack of knowledge about family planning devices and a negative attitude among many women toward their use.
According to Halsall (1997), societal development will be slowed if women’s health and status remain poor, if their access to land and other facilities remains limited, and if they are held back by ill-timed or unwanted pregnancies.
1.3 Problem Explanation
Women have faced a great deal of discrimination. People still regard them as breeding machines, despite the availability of family planning.
The dissemination of relevant and appropriate family planning information would result in the acquisition of knowledge, skills, and the empowerment of women. This can help to break the intractable poverty cycles that many Nigerian families have become associated with as a result of a lack of knowledge about family planning devices and a negative attitude toward their use among many women.
According to Halsall (1977), societal development will be slowed if women’s health and status remain poor, their access to land and other facilities remains limited, and they continue to be hampered by a lack of information about family, unwanted pregnancies, and sexual diseases.
Furthermore, the problem associated with the neglect of family planning cannot be overstated. Without family planning, for example, there will be a population explosion, potentially resulting in a lack of food and other necessities in the country.
According to Uzomah (2004), women who have not received formal education lack essential information, particularly about family planning, and the majority of them have died while trying to have children.
As a result, the goal of this research is to look into the impact of formal education on Nigerian women’s attitudes toward family planning.
1.4 The Study’s Goal
The purpose of this research is to investigate how formal education influences Nigerian women’s attitudes toward family planning.
Some of the study’s specific objectives are as follows:
1. Determine the differences in Nigerian women’s attitudes toward formal education.
2. To determine whether or not there are any differences in women’s attitudes toward family planning.
3. To determine whether there is a difference in attitudes between women who have received formal education and those who have not.
4. Determine whether there is a difference in family planning awareness between women with and without formal education.
5. To see if there will be a difference in the number of children born to educated women versus those born to uneducated women.
1.5 Research Concerns
The following research questions were posed in this study:
1. Will women’s attitudes toward formal education influence how they plan their families?
2. How can we tell if there is a difference between men and women when it comes to formal education?
3. To what extent can we investigate whether women’s attitudes toward family planning differ in Nigeria?
4. Is there a difference in attitudes between women who have had formal education and those who have not?
5. Is there a difference in family planning awareness between women with and without formal education?
1.6 Research Hypotheses
The following research hypotheses were proposed in this study:
1. There will be no significant difference in attitudes toward family planning between women with and without formal education.
2. There will be no statistically significant difference in family planning awareness between women with and without formal education.
3. There will be no statistically significant difference in the number of children born to educated women versus those born to uneducated women.
1.7 The Importance of Research
This study will be useful in a number of ways, including: For example, the government has continued to devote a sizable portion of her health-care funds to financing family planning activities in the hope that adoption of the modern method will improve women’s socioeconomic standing.
As a result, this study looks into the impact of formal education on Nigerian women’s attitudes toward family planning as well as their use of various family planning programs and services. The study’s findings and recommendations will be extremely useful to manpower planners, administrators, and other program implementers not only in Lagos Mainland Local Government but also throughout Lagos State.
If couples and other individuals try to implement all or most of the study’s suggestions or recommendations in the interest of women, children, and entire families in Nigeria, the study’s findings and recommendations will be equally beneficial to them.
The findings and recommendations of the study will undoubtedly benefit school administrators. They will also benefit from the exposure provided by this study because they will be able to plan for a larger enrolment in the short run. This study will also benefit the state government because it will help her carry out a better projection or expected needs of the state population in order to raise per capita income.
Finally, population commission officials will benefit greatly from this study because it will help them control the country’s child birth rate if the recommendations made in this study are followed and implemented.
This research will also benefit society because it will serve as a good reference material for the general public, particularly adults. This research will also be useful as a resource for students of all levels.
1.8 The Scope of the Research
The goal of this study was to look into the effect of formal education on Nigerian women’s attitudes toward family planning in Lagos State’s Mainland Local Government Area.
1.9 Definitions of Terms
The following operational terms were defined in this study:
1. Fertility Rate: This is the total fertility obtained from the age-specific rate for each year of childbearing, resulting in the number of children per thousand women with no mortality.
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FACTORS INFLUENCING CULTISM IN PRIMARY SCHOOLS AND ITS EFFECT ON THE ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE
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