Greenhouse gases and global climate change
CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION
Background to study
The workshop on ”Greenhouse Gases and Global Climate Change” that was conducted at the Science Education Center, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory on March 1, 2, and 3, 1988, was the first step in a major effort to develop educational programs on this important topic. This document is a synthesis of the discussions that occurred. Accomplishments were summarized at the conclusion of the workshop by several of its organizers: An alliance of scientists and educators successfully generated a long list of ideas for educational programs in this area. The Workshop resulted in a detailed plan for an educational program. A Group of Advisors for this project has already been formed. The drawing power of the topic, ”Greenhouse Gases and Global Climate Change” cannot be overestimated. The ideas described on the following pages will form the basis for a three to five-year project aimed at developing instructional materials on ”Greenhouse Gases and Global Climate Change.’
The greenhouse influence upsurges the temperature of the Earth by trapping heat in our atmosphere. This retains the temperature of the Earth higher than it would be if direct heating by the Sun was the only source of warming [1]. When sunlight reaches the surface of the Earth, some of it is absorbed which warms the ground and some jumps back to space as heat. Most Greenhouse gases that are in the atmosphere fascinate and then transmit some of this heat back towards the Earth [4].
The greenhouse effect is a foremost factor in keeping the Earth heartfelt because it keeps some of the planet’s heat that would otherwise escape from the atmosphere out to space. In fact, without the greenhouse effect the Earth’s average global temperature would be much colder and life on Earth as we recognize it would not be possible [3]. The difference between the Earth’s actual average temperature 14°C (57.2°F) and the expected effective temperature just with the Sun’s radiation -19°C (-2.2°F) gives us the strength of the greenhouse effect, which is 33°C [4]
The greenhouse effect is mostly caused by the interaction of the sun’s energy with greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and fluorinated gases in the Earth’s atmosphere. The ability of these gases to capture heat is what causes the greenhouse effect [9]. Greenhouse gases consist of three or more atoms. This molecular structure makes it possible for these gases to trap heat in the atmosphere and then transfer it to the surface which further warms the Earth [10].
This uninterrupted cycle of trapping heat clues to an overall increase in global temperatures. The procedure, which is very similar to the way a greenhouse works, is the main reason why the gases that can produce this outcome are collectively called as greenhouse gases [11]. The prime forcing gases of the greenhouse effect are: carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and fluorinated gases.
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The greenhouse effect is a natural process that is millions of years old. It plays a critical role in a variable the overall temperature of the Earth. The greenhouse effect was first discovered by Joseph Fourier in 1827, experimentally verified by John Tyndall in 1861, and quantified by Svante Arrhenius in 1896 [5]. [6] has published a paper on (A Synopsis on the Effects of Anthropogenic Greenhouse Gases Emissions from Power Generation and Energy Consumption). It gives information about Despite the looming difficult energy context in the majority of countries in the world, global change in environmental dignity resulting from power generation and energy consumption scenario is rapidly becoming a globally disturbing phenomenon. The present study focused on the greenhouse effect: the greenhouse gases and their impacts on global warming.
Reduction of Greenhouse Gases The primary objective of WWTPs is to meet effluent standards. In order to protect the receiving water body. However, reduction of GHG emissions from WWTPs requires a broadening in scope. The estimated quantity of N2O from WWTPs by the United States Environmental Protection Agency [15]. Accounts for approximately 3% of N2O from all national sources which rank as the sixth largest contributor to GHG emissions [16].
The right quantification of GHG is a necessity to better understand how to effectively reduce GHG emissions from WWTPs, as well as to improve the accuracy in the GHG emission reporting processes [17]. There is keen interest in climate change issues due to a fast increasing rate of GHG emissions. This has emphasized the need to innovate and establish right approaches to better design, control and optimize WWTPs on the plant-wide scale [18,19].
In recent years, one of the cheap modern and promising solutions to decreasing GHG emission into the Earth’s atmosphere is the employment bioremediation technique. Other mitigation plans to avert the negative outcomes of greenhouse gases effect may include activities such increase in tree planting, reduction in burning fossil fuels, exploitation of affordable, clean and renewable of energy, carbon dioxide capture and sequestration etc. Bioremediation technique employs microbial metabolism to remove pollutants. A bioremediation technique and strategy (phytoremediation enhanced by endophytic microorganisms) can be used to remove hazardous waste including greenhouse gases from the biosphere [17].
Atmospheric scientists first used the word ‘ greenhouse gases effect’ in the later 1800s. At that time, it was used to designate the naturally happening functions of trace gases in the atmosphere and did not have any negative implications. It was not up until the mid-1950s that the term greenhouse effect was attached to concern over climate alteration. And in contemporary decades, we often hear about the greenhouse effect in somewhat negative terms.
The negative concerns are related to the possible impacts of an improved greenhouse effect. It is important to remember that without the greenhouse gases effect, lifecycle on earth as we know it would not be possible. Kweku et al.; JSRR, 17(6): 1-9, 2017; Article no.JSRR.39630 6 While the earth’s temperature is reliant on upon the greenhouse-like action of the atmosphere, the extent of heating and cooling are toughly influenced by several factors just as greenhouses are pretentious by various factors.
In the atmospheric greenhouse effect, the type of surface that sunlight first happenstances are the most important factor. Forests, grasslands, ocean surfaces, ice caps, deserts, and cities all absorb, reflect, and radiate radiation differently. Sunlight falling on a white glacier surface strongly reflects back into space, resulting in minimal heating of the surface and lower atmosphere. Sunlight falling on a dark desert soil is strongly absorbed, on the other hand, and contributes to significant heating of the surface and lower atmosphere. Cloud cover also affects greenhouse warming by both reducing the amount of solar radiation reaching the earth’s surface and by reducing the amount of radiation energy emitted into space [31].
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