IMPLEMENTATION OF NEW FAULT TOLERANCE SOLUTION
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IMPLEMENTATION OF NEW FAULT TOLERANCE SOLUTION
Chapter one
1.0 Introduction
A wireless sensor network comprises of sensor nodes and a base station. A wireless sensor network consists of nodes arranged into cooperative networks [1]. Sensors have an on-board processor that processes raw data before sending it to the BS.
Wireless sensor nodes are low-power, battery-powered devices with limited computing and transmission capabilities [2].
Figure 1 depicts the deployment of sensor nodes in a wireless sensor network architecture, whereas Figure 2 depicts the sensor nodes themselves.
Figure 1.1: Wireless Sensor Network Architecture.
Figure 1.2: Component of a Sensor Node
1
Wireless sensor network (WSN) communication uses a multi-hop mode, with each node communicating with the base station via an intermediate node. The node closest to the base station becomes the sole source of data for all other nodes, resulting in interference and low throughput as other nodes compete for the node closer to the base station.
WSN technology is now widely used in several fields, including medical care, environmental monitoring, smart buildings, banking, telecommunications, and military applications.
Sensor applications in severe environments might make WSNs more prone to failure than other wireless networks, affecting mobility, performance, data quality, and energy consumption.
Data quality is measured by the ratio of user measurements to total network readings during an observation period [3]. Key needs for FT in WSNs [3] include resource preservation and great data quality.
1. Understanding of the network’s basic operation and the status of its resources.
2. Adaptability to frequent changes in WSN conditions.
WSN deployment can be affected by adverse climatic conditions such as fire, rain, humidity, and floods. These factors can lead to sensor node failures and error messages.
Wireless sensor networks must detect and recover from faults to ensure quality of service and performance [7]. Therefore, fault tolerance should be a key consideration in deployments.
Fault tolerance allows sensor nodes to continue working even after a fault occurs. Fault tolerance is essential for sensor node networks due to their unique properties, radio communications, and deployment in hostile areas (4).
To successfully install WSNs, fault tolerance should be implemented. To achieve fault tolerance in wireless sensor networks, deploy a small number of additional relay nodes to provide k (k ≥ 1) vertex-disjoint paths between each pair of functioning devices (sensors, data sinks, and other wireless equipment, all termed target nodes in this paper). This ensures that the network can survive the failure of fewer than k nodes [6].
1.2 Statement of the Problem
Wireless sensor networks are typically used in hostile environments, making it challenging to charge or replace sensor node batteries quickly when they run out. WSN communication modes include both single-hop and multi-hop.
In multi-hop wireless sensor networks, bandwidth is crucial due to interference from nearby pathways and subsequent hops on the same path [5].
To address interference, increase throughput, and overcome faults, many fault tolerance schemes have been developed. Using a single channel for communication creates excessive workload and packet loss due to collisions.
When a node fails, the entire network stops operating. To overcome this drawback, CSMA/CA or CD are used for parallel communication.
However, due to tremendous workload, these solutions do not maximise channel utilisation. A cost-effective alternative is to use several channels for concurrent data transmission using current WSN hardware, such as MICAz and Telos, which offer many channels on a single radio [5]. Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) commonly experience node and transmission failures.
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