Influence Of Adult Education On Family Planning
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Influence Of Adult Education On Family Planning
ABSTRACT The study sought to explore the impact of adult education on family planning in the Ikeja Local Government Area of Lagos State. The investigation also looked at relevant and substantial literature under subheadings. The descriptive research survey design was used in this study to analyse respondents’ opinions through the use of a questionnaire and sampling technique.
A total of 160 (one hundred and sixty) respondents were chosen as samples to represent the overall population of the study. Four null hypotheses were developed and tested in this study utilising the Pearson Product Moment Correlation and independent t-test statistical techniques at the 0.05 level of significance.
At the conclusion of the analyses, the following outcomes were obtained:
1.Hypothesis one suggested that adult education programmes will have a major impact on couples’ family planning.
2.Hypothesis two determined that couples’ socioeconomic situation has a considerable impact on their level of family planning.
3.Results from Hypothesis 3 reveal that couples’ religious beliefs have a substantial association with their amount of family planning.
4.Hypothesis four demonstrates a considerable difference in the attitudes of educated couples towards family planning against those who are illiterate. All null hypotheses were rejected.
This demonstrates that adult educational initiatives had a significant impact on the amount of family planning among couples in the Ikeja Local Government Area of Lagos State.
Chapter one
1.1 Introduction/Background for the Study
Many scholars and institutions have defined adult education differently.
UNESCO (1976) defined adult education as “the entire body and organised educational process, whatever the content, the level of method, whether formal or otherwise, whether prolong or replace initial education in schools, colleges and universities as well as apprenticeship
whereby persons regarded as adult by the society to which they belong develop their abilities, which their knowledge, improve their technical and professional qualifications and bring about cha”
“Adult Education is a process whereby persons who no longer attend school on a regular and full time basis (unless full home programmes are especially designed for adult) undertake sequential and organised activities with conscious intention of bringing about change in information, knowledge, undertakings of skills, appreciation and attitudes or for the purpose of identifying and serving personal or community problem” .
According to Onuoha (1990), adult education programs include agricultural and farmer training programs, adult literacy programs, occupational skill training, youth clubs, various community development programs, health and nutrition instruction, family planning co-operatives, and so on.
Onuhoa went on to say that these programmes are intended to raise awareness, disseminate important information, and improve individual development, growth, and societal well-being.
Throughout history, people have engaged in family planning, whether consciously or unintentionally. Abstinence, whether permanent or temporary, and limitations, such as forbidden intercourse during specific festivals, effectively reduce the fertility rate (the number of births per woman throughout her lifetime) (Barns 1990).
Separation of husbands and spouses for an extended period of time, whether due to war or employment, reduces birth rate and fertility.
According to Nnadi (1994), abortion has been utilised to restrict family size, and accounts can be found in the herbal and other folklore of most women and midwives.
The deliberate abandonment of infants and young children, as well as the murder of newborns, has not been uncommon in the past, and it still occurs in some parts of the world today.
Adult education programs, particularly those focussing on health issues such as family planning, are significant programs that aim to impact the lives of people, particularly couples and other sexually active youth in society. Family planning through adult education programs teaches adults who are still sexually active when to participate in sexual acts
what system to use, and the best technique of contraception to employ in reducing fertility or birth rate. As a result, adults, particularly couples, who participate in adult education programs take advantage of the opportunity to reduce their family size, prevent abortion, and space their childbirth rate (Anyanwu, 1994).
1.2History of Family Planning
The technology of family planning has simply evolved over the years. According to Himes (1936), earlier primitive people employed mystical nature powers to help women limit pregnancies and regulate birth.
The Greeks used crocodile medications as diaphragms, while olive and cedar oil were used as jelly. Under Emperor Augustus, the Romans used the laws to promote population expansion.
Several views of family planning emerged over time, particularly in Britain. Several people were arrested, detained, and imprisoned for discussing family planning.
Among the martyrs are Kuwoeiton and Bradlaugh, who were imprisoned for publishing “Fruits of Philosophy” (an influential treatise on birth control) and “preventive sexual intercourse” (Brackett, 1962).
However, the Great Depression (1873-1876) resulted in a shift in attitudes towards family planning, both as a practice and in social thought. Women had achieved emancipation and were hence unwilling to carry the burden of unlimited family sizes. The English law was silenced after works such as:
a. Annie Besant’s The Law of Population (1879).
b. The wife’s guidebook, by Henry Allbult (1887)
c. Malthusian League’s Hygienic Method of Family Limitation (1913).
These titles were used to criticise the government’s and politicians’ attitudes towards family planning and birth restriction throughout the British Empire.
Mrs. Stopes’ efforts resulted in the establishment of the first family planning facility in London in 1921. In 1930, the British Ministry of Health approved a Labour Women Resolution allowing local governments to give family planning and birth control information and services to those in need.
In 1966, the British National Health Service adopted the Royal Commission on Population’s recommendation to abolish all restrictions on contraceptive advice to married women in order to encourage voluntary motherhood.
Initially, the United States of America took a similarly oppressive stance to birth control and contraception.
This was particularly true during the administrations of Presidents Reynold and Roosevelt, when contraception and contraceptive knowledge were forbidden.
With the end of World War I in 1918, signals of change began to surface, particularly during a presidential address by Jacob.
Margent Sanger created the first birth control clinic in Brooklyn in 1916.
Then, in 1925, the federal council of the Church of Christ published a report on the condition of women. In 1937, the American Medical Association for the first time recognised family planning as a component of medical prevention and education. The planned parenthood federation of the United States of America (USA) was established in 1942.
In 1965, the United States Supreme Court sitting in Connecticut struck down the penalty imposed by a state prohibiting the use of contraception. Johnson and Nixon issued another presidential request for congressional support/approval for birth control and family planning operations in the United States (US Times, July 19, 1969).
In Nigeria, family planning began as a voluntary organisation (with international funding) with the founding of clinics in Lagos, Kaduna, and Enugu in 1964 under the auspices of the Family Planning Council of Nigeria. By 1981, the activities had spread to all states in the Federation, including the local government under review.
Following official recognition, the name was changed to the Planned Parenthood Federation of Nigeria (P.P.F.N.).
1.3 Statement of the Problem
Adult education is an important program that enlightens adults, students, and even young people about current topics. Couples and others who do not participate in adult education programs, particularly those focused on family planning, risk being completely oblivious of the processes involved in birth rate control.
Many families who attend particular religious services do not use contraception to avoid having children because they feel they should not interfere with God’s creation of children.
This enormous belief has caused a lot of problems in society today because people who are not exposed to adult education programs, are illiterate, and practise one religion or another have unspaced pregnancies and unguarded child births, which has increased the population excessively and caused inflation in society.
A meaningful family planning scheme is only achievable if couples and individuals are willing to adapt to modern family planning procedures.
1.4 Aim of the Study
The study’s primary goal is to look into the impact of adult education on family planning, using Ikeja Local Government Area in Lagos State as an example.
Other specific objectives include :
(1) Determine whether adult education has a major influence on family planning.
(2) Determine whether persons who participated in an adult education program on family planning have an issue with abortion.
(3) Compare the family planning systems of those who received adult education to those who did not.
(4) Identify the various kinds of contraception used for family planning.
(5) Determine the efficacy or failure of certain contraceptives as techniques of family planning.
1.5 Research Questions.
This study will address the following research questions:
1. Will adult education have an impact on couples’ family planning decisions?
2. How can we tell the difference in family planning between individuals who receive adult education and those who do not?
3. How do we distinguish different methods of family planning and contraception?
4. How effective or ineffective are some contraceptives as techniques of family planning?
5. How can the issues of family planning be resolved?
1.6 Research Hypotheses.
The following hypothesis will be developed in this study:
1. An adult education program will have little effect on couples’ family planning decisions.
2. The socioeconomic situation of couples will have no substantial impact on their level of family planning.
3. Religious beliefs of couples will have no major impact on their level of family planning.
4. There will be no substantial difference in the attitudes of educated couples towards family planning versus illiterates.
1.7 Significance of the Study
The study will benefit the following:
2. Teachers: The study’s findings and recommendations will help schoolteachers gain a better understanding of the usage of contraception and other effective family planning systems or methods.
Teachers would benefit from the study’s findings in terms of understanding the best strategy to manage childbirth and population growth. The study would help teachers understand the influence of family planning on population control in Nigeria and around the world.
3. Students: Based on the findings of this study, students will be able to have a decent understanding of family planning when using adult educational programmes as a source of information.
Students who are already married would benefit greatly from this study because it will expose them to various ways and systems of family planning and birth control in their households.
4. The Society: The society and future researchers will find this work highly useful, as it will be a veritable tool for gaining knowledge and commencing on family planning. It will also be useful as a reference for the general public and new scholars who wish to conduct additional research on this or similar topics.
5. Counsellors: Counsellors would benefit greatly from this study since it will allow them to better assist persons who are experiencing difficulties as a result of birth control.
With the study’s findings and recommendations, counsellors, who are not medical specialists, will be able to recognise some concepts and the type of job they conduct in human life as measures of limiting birth rate.
1.8 Scope of the Study
The study will focus on the impact of an adult education curriculum on family planning among couples in Lagos State’s Ikeja Local Government Area.
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