MARINE POLLUTION IN SUB SAHARAN AFRICA: ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACTS TO SHIPPING OPERATIONS AND MARINE ENVIRONMENT
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MARINE POLLUTION IN SUB SAHARAN AFRICA: ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACTS TO SHIPPING OPERATIONS AND MARINE ENVIRONMENT
Chapter one
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
1.2
Solid wastes are all wastes generated by human and animal activities that are typically solid and thrown as worthless or unwanted. Also included are byproducts of process lines or materials that may be required by law to be disposed of (Okecha 2000). Solid waste can be classed in a variety of ways, including source, environmental risk, utility, and physical property.
Solid wastes are further classed according to their source: municipal solid wastes, industrial solid wastes, and agricultural solid wastes. Nigeria’s largest urban centres are currently trying to remove rising piles of solid garbage from their surroundings.
These vital hubs of beauty, tranquilly, and security are being supplanted by the chaotic character of overflowing dumps and neglected heaps of solid garbage originating from residential or domestic or kitchen sources, markets, retail and business areas.
City officials appear unable to combat the illegal and haphazard dumping of hazardous commercial and industrial trash, which is an obvious violation of our environmental sanitation laws, rules, and regulations.
Refuse generation and its potential implications on health, environmental quality, and the urban landscape have emerged as critical national issues in Nigeria. All stakeholders concerned with the safety and beautification of our environment have come to realise the detrimental effects of nucleated solid human wastes.
Our cities have residential neighbourhoods, markets, schools, and major business districts. These solid wastes have grown commonplace in our urban landscape.
It is no longer in dispute that Nigerian cities face the issues of untreated solid waste. As a result, urban residents are frequently confronted with the potentially harmful influence on their collective health and safety.
A United Nations report (August 2004) stated with dismay that, while developing nations are improving access to clean drinking water, they are lagging behind on sanitation targets.
At one of its summits in 2000 (Uwaegbelun 2004), it was revealed that the World Health Organisation (WHO 2004) and the United Nations International Children’s Education Fund (UNICEF 2004) jointly reported in August 2004 that “about 2.4 billion people will likely face the risk of needless disease and death by the target of 2016 due to poor sanitation.”
The research also stated that poor sanitation, including a decaying or non-existent sewage system and toilets, contributes to the development of diseases such as cholera and fundamental illnesses such as diarrhoea, which kills a child every 21 seconds.
The rural poor and residents of slum regions in rapidly rising cities, primarily in Africa and Asia, are the most vulnerable to poor sanitation. The “Earth Summit” of 1992 was successful in raising global awareness of the importance of achieving environmentally sustainable development.
The Summit argued that if we know enough to act now, we must also find answers to many difficult philosophical and technical concerns that have remained unanswered over time.
It confirms that if growing urbanisation in developing countries is not addressed, it might endanger health, the environment, and urban productivity.
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