MEDIA AND CONFLICT RESOLUTION IN NIGERIA
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MEDIA AND CONFLICT RESOLUTION IN NIGERIA
Chapter one
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study
Conflict can be defined as the acts, propaganda, diplomatic, military, or commercial threats that various countries who disagree on a subject make against one other.
They can result from opposing viewpoints on a topic, antagonistic attitudes, and some diplomatic or military measures that may violate the interests of others. Alade (1997)
Nzemeke (1998) believes that conflict in general is dysfunctional in the international system. That is, it impedes the effective operation of the system, causes the diversion of world resources to non-productive ends, and wastes human energy and abilities on comparably useless goods.
He claims that it is an endemic element of human history, and that the concept of removing it is absurd. This is because academic psychologists believe that acts of violence may have a positive appeal to men, and daily observation demonstrates that violence and sex appear to have a strong attractiveness to both men and women. Furthermore, conflict is inherent in the human system, as well as all systems of human relations.
Self-evident factors in social relations that are sufficient to account for conflicts whether or not involving overt violence are: that conflict is somehow rooted in the gene, only waiting for a suitable moment to break out
values or moral preferences of human groups differ from one another, existence of inherited cultural values and practices of states that make common mind on their mutual affairs difficult, and the goals, intentions, wants, plans, desires, fears of indi
According to Alade (1997), in any conflict, there are usually parties involved, issues at stake, the government’s position, and the action taken. According to Omu (2001), the causes of conflict include boundary disputes, ethnic group exploitation and victimisation, religious rivalry, misunderstanding and mutual distrust, ideological differences, bad leadership, and economic underdevelopment, among others.
Nzemeke (1998) contends that conflict resolution, which is regarded as a new branch of international study, entails a collection of proposed techniques ranging from the reduction of psychological abnormalities among state leaders to the simulation of international conflicts in the form of games in order to release and hopefully eliminate tension inherent in them.
According to Alade (1997), conflict resolution options include outright conquest, compromise, withdrawal, forced submission and deterrent, award, passive settlement, plebiscite, and referendum.
Negotiation, mediation, good offices, inquiry and conciliation, adjudication, law and peace enforcement, and arbitration are all methods for settling international conflicts. Palmer and Perkins (2005)
According to Kegley and Blanton (2010), a crisis is a scenario in which the risk of escalation to combat is high and the time available for making decisions and achieving compromises in negotiations is limited.
This is because when a crisis occurs, the ability to make cool-headed rational decisions is weakened. The prospect of using force increases tension and limits the amount of time available to make decisions that could successfully terminate the crisis peacefully.
Pearson and Rochester (1988) provide four solutions to political crises, but emphasise that the pattern varies depending on history and foreign pressure.
These are ethnic democracy, in which one group dominates the government; partition, in which incompatible nationalities and groups are separated on their own land;
consociation democracy, in which groups share power with equal status, built-in safeguards, and veto power; and liberal democracy, in which ethnic group differences are homogeneous and people are treated as individuals rather than as members of tribal groupings.
To quell mostly internal insurgency, aggression, and combat crime, as well as maintain peace and protect citizens’ lives and property, any country must establish a security department whose personnel carry out their functions not arbitrarily according to the country’s laws, but strictly in accordance with the country’s rules and constitutional provisions. This requirement in Nigeria prompted the foundation of SARS.
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