Project Materials

PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SACHET WATER

Chapter one

Introduction

Water is a clear, colourless, tasteless, and odourless liquid that is necessary for life. Water is one of the natural resources that occupy 708 of the earth’s surface (Willy et al., 2008). The human body requires approximately three to four litres of water every day to perform its regular functioning.

Aside from drinking and bodily activities, humans use water for a variety of purposes, including transportation, recreation, water disposal, and hydroelectric systems (Onyeagba and Isu 2009).

Water is a good solvent and is commonly referred to as the universal solvent. It is transparent in the visible electromagnetic range. Aquatic plants can live in water because they can get sunlight.

Ultraviolet and infrared light are substantially absorbed. Water is chemically composed of two moles of hydrogen and one mole of oxygen in a 2:1 ratio. The boiling point of water (and all other liquids) is determined by barometric pressure.

For example, at the top of Mount Everest, water boils at 680C (1540F), compared to 1000C (2120F) at sea level. In contrast, water deep in the ocean near geothermal vents can reach temperatures of hand reds or degrees while remaining liquid. Water has the second greatest molar specific of any known material, after ammonia, as well as a high vaporisation temperature (40.65KJ mol-1).

Both of these are the result of significant hydrogen bonding between its molecules, making them remarkable in that they buffer massive temperature fluctuations.

Water regulates body temperature, transports nutrients throughout the body, aids digestion, and removes waste and pollutants.

An typical adult’s body has 37 litres of water, with 75% of that in the brain, 25% in the bones, and 83% in the blood. Water must be refilled on a constant basis because, on average, 250ml is lost every day just from breathing.

Drinking a proper amount of water each day, at least 8 glasses/ 2 litres, will ensure that your body has all it needs to stay healthy. Of course, if you work out for more than an hour in the heart, your fluid requirements may be treble or even tripled. Water naturally lowers appetite and aids the body’s ability to metabolise fat. As bizarre as it may appear, water could be the single.

The most crucial stimulus for losing and keeping weight off. According to studies, a decrease in water intake increases fat deposits, but increasing water intake reduces fat deposits.

The kidneys cannot operate effectively without adequate water. When they do not work to capacity, some of their load is transferred to the liver. One of the liver’s key roles is to convert stored fat into energy for the body.

Water can help treat constipation because when the body is dehydrated, it draws water from internal sources, one of which is the colon. However, when a person drinks enough water, regular bowel movement normally resumes. The three most basic essentials of life are air, water, and food, in that order.

A person can survive about a mouth without food, about a week without water, and less than five minutes without air. Providing an appropriate supply of safe drinking water was one of the eight components of primary health care in 1918. The increase in human population has put immense strain on the provision of safe drinking water, particularly in developing countries.

Nigerian countries impacted by colonialism. The government offered free water to the public. But Nigeria has transitioned from a mixed to a capitalist economy.

Water now draws rates and taxes in cities and towns, and due to insufficient government supply, private sector engagement has emerged, and the concept of packaged drinking water, sometimes known as “pure water,” has become a common phenomena in the country.

Drinking water is now widely packaged in easy-to-open 50-60ml polyethene sacs known as “sachet water”. This packaged water is inexpensive and convenient, and it is becoming increasingly popular.

The abuse of its manufacturing has resulted in a scenario in which the pure. Although there is a death in data documentation in the incidence rate.

It has been generally reported that the introduction of pure water has greatly increased the incidence of samonelosis and typhoid fever in recent years.

Water pollution has continued to have unpleasant consequences. Adelegan (2004) advocates for Nigeria’s health and economic growth. There are numerous files and laws regarding drinking water. In Nigeria, such regulations are monitored by the National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control (NAFDAC), which was established by decree No. 15 of 1993.

Surveillance carried out by NAFDAC between 2004 and 2005 revealed that some producers of packed water engage in share practices such as packaging of untreated water, production under unsanitary conditions, illegal production of unregistered water in unapproved premises, use of non-food grade sachets,

However, despite the policies developed by public and internal authorities to address these issues, the situation in Nigeria appears to be deteriorating and thus requires increased attention in order to be effectively resolved. However, there is a need to assess the full scope of the problem and its consequences.

Drinking water regulations require drinkable water for human consumption to be free of human illnesses. Causing bacterial and pathogenic conditions (Listw 1993). This does not imply that drinking water should be sterile; certain microorganisms are categorised as pathogens.

Examples of bacterial pathogens and their accompanying disorders include dysentery and lagionella pnenophilia (legconneaire’s disease). The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of harmful organisms in sachet-packed drinking water sold in Aba, Abia State.

Recent research on the quality of bottled water in Nigeria have been undertaken (Olayemi, 2007; Adekunle et al, 2003; Asheye et al, 2001; Gyang et al, 2008).

These concentrated primarily on the end-product, leaving out the procedures that influence the ultimate rate of the package water, as well as the people (different stakeholders involved) who have the willpower to make the desired adjustments. As a result, practical ideas for changing the status quo have yet to materialise.

The purpose of this study was to determine the bacteriological quality of the water in sachets, to identify contributing factors that influence the fate of the packaged water product as it moves from catchment to consumers, and to highlight untapped policy improvement opportunities that would allow for sustained and improved regulation of the sachet water industry.