PORE-SCALE RELEASE AND TRANSPORT OF OIL BY LOW SALINITY WATER
Abstract
This work-study pore-level oil mobilization by water diffusion and osmosis during low salinity waterflooding using microscopic visualization in sandstone silicon-wafer micromodels. The two-dimensional water-wet micromodels apply a high accuracy pore network with sharp edges and surface roughness to observe displacement processes during low salinity water injection.
Residual and capillary trapped oil was mobilized when a salinity gradient between high-saline connate water in matrix and low salinity water flowing in an adjacent fracture was established. Transport of water by diffusion occurred through film-flow resulting in film-expansion and droplet growth along the water-wet grains.
Water transport was also driven by osmosis due to the difference in chemical potential between the high and low-saline phases. The oil-phase acted as a semi-permeable membrane in presence of an osmotic gradient to transport low salinity water into high-saline water-in-oil emulsions.
The identified pore-scale displacement mechanisms, observed using a controlled state-of-the-art experimental approach, contribute to the fundamental understanding of improved oil recovery during low salinity waterflooding.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION – – – – – – – -1
1.0 Background of the study – – – – -1
1.1 Statement of the problem – – – – -5
1.2 Purpose of the study – – – – – -6
1.3 Significance of the study – – – – -8
1.4 Research questions – – – – – -9
1.5 Scope of the study – – – – – – -10
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW – – – – – – -11
CHAPTER THREE
Research methodology – – – – – – -39
Design of study – – – – – – – -40
CHAPTER FOUR
Presentation, analysis and interpretation of data – -48
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