Project Materials

PRODUCTION OF A HIGH QUALITY BAR SOAP AND COMPARE WITH DETERGENT

ABSTRACT

The main purpose of this research is to manufacture high-quality bar soaps and compare them against detergents. The majority of this project focusses on quality control techniques in the production of high-grade bar soaps. The cold process was employed in soap manufacture, and it was discovered to be the most effective method of production when numerous aspects were considered. Palm kernel oil replaced fallow or grease in the manufacturing of bar soaps. This is because palm kernel has a low titre value and produces a faster lather, whereas fallow or grease has a high titre value and produces soap that takes longer to dissolve at low temperatures. Different formulations were tested, and it was discovered that the ideal ratio for high-quality soap is 2:1 palm kernel to caustic soda. The saponification value of P.K.O was found to be 248.24, the refractive index was 1.45, the free fatty acid value was 1.56, the acid value was 3.5, the moisture content of the soap was 35.29%, the percentage free alkaline was 0.4%, the alcohol insoluble matter was 1.43%, and the PH value was 8.80 at a temperature of 30.00. The synthetic detergent created to replace soapy detergent has a higher quality. It was made using a sulphonation reaction. When this reaction is carried out, a detergent paste is formed, which when combined with builders and other additives produces detergent that is size decreased and seized. The sieved detergent was dried using solar energy. The experiment discovered that (STPP) helps detergents reduce water hardness by sequestering calcium ions and heavy metal ions in water, which can boost detergent cleaning action. In addition, hydrogen peroxide functions as a stain remover due to its bleaching activity, while CMC acts as an anti-redeposition agent. High-quality bar soap was discovered to contain certain materials that limit the formation of scum in hard water, proving that synthetic detergent is not more effective than bar soap when washing. Additionally, bar soap does not change the colour of a material when washing, whereas detergent does by bleaching it.