RURAL MANAGEMENT AS A STRATEGY FOR REDUCING RURAL – URBAN MIGRATION IN NIGERIA
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RURAL MANAGEMENT AS A STRATEGY FOR REDUCING RURAL – URBAN MIGRATION IN NIGERIA
ABSTRACT
Rural resources have a lot of potential that needs to be realised in order to raise the values. These values can only be realised with the use of other resources such as time, money, infrastructure, expertise, and so on.
The high demand for products is predicted to drive the application of these resources to maximum output, increasing the value of the rural environment and confirming value to be a function of profit.
Unfortunately, government plans and activities in the previous year did not reflect the importance of balancing rural and urban development. As a result, the majority of development policies and projects are focused on cities.
As a result, rural residents have faced poverty, unemployment, bad infrastructure, and economic and social problems. In addition, rural dwellers tend to migrate.
As a result, this Rural Development study. As a method for minimising rural-urban migrations in Nigeria, this case study of Ishiehi Local Government region in Ebonyi State seeks to identify rural development programs/projects, the level of rural-urban migration, and the variables responsible for rural-urban movement in the research region.
Based on the findings of the data analysis, an integrated Rural Development Strategy has been identified and advocated as a practical and viable solution for reducing the rate of rural-urban migration in Nigeria in general and Ishielu in particular.
CHAPITRE ONE
Nigeria, a country in the West African sub-region, has an abundance of natural and material resources. Nigeria is certainly the most populous country in Africa and one of the largest in terms of geographical size,
with an estimated current population of over 924, 000 square km. Approximately 70% of the population relies on agricultural activities for a living and lives in rural villages.
Currently, over forty million people out of a total population of more than one hundred million reside in urban areas. As a result, the majority of the population is concentrated in rural areas within the country’s geographic unit.
Because some government officials believe that metropolitan areas constitute the state’s development potential, rural areas have been overlooked in terms of development chances.
Following the moribund attitudes that existed in rural areas, rural inhabitants are drawn to urban areas to profit from better paying jobs, a higher degree of commercial, recreational, and industrial activities. Emerging from the rapid.
Urban population increase and physical expansion pose major physical planning challenges, such as Ajegunle, Gwagwa, and Abakpa in Lagos, Abuja, Abakalike, and Enugu, respectively. Other issues on the list include a lack of proper housing, water, and other essential social services.
As a result, it is anticipated that various governments policymakers, rural dwellers, planning teams, and the general public will be involved in harnessing the capture and building in preference of the rural inhabitants at any time.
1.1 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
In general, there has been uneven development and a stark disparity in opportunity between the rural and urban areas in Nigeria. Despite the fact that the majority of Nigerians live in rural areas, there are few or no prospects for education and work.
Without a doubt, rural areas in Nigeria are characterised by poverty, malnutrition, poor communication, illiteracy, inefficient agriculture using traditional implements,
and overall low per capita income. Lack of health facilities, public energy, carried whole water, and motorable roads are other obstacles to evacuating foods and industrial raw materials.
Rural development should include all and sundry, but there is a lack of funds for programme execution, high costs of building materials and labour, failure to include people affected in planning, and, on a more serious note, the rural dwellers’ level of understanding is so low that they expect the government to do everything for them, which is impossible.
All of these issues force rural residents in the study region towards metropolitan areas, where they can enjoy social amenities and infrastructure such as water supply, power, health facilities, asphalt roads, and plentiful job possibilities.
We will learn at the end of this study how rural development can be an effective way (strategy) for minimising rural-urban migration in Nigeria in general, and in Ishielu Local Government Area of Ebonyi State in particular. As a result, the previous sentence is the focus of this study.
1.2 GOALS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
Maris’ life system is dynamic, owing to his voracious temperament, which needs better food, shelter, and clothing. These are typically attained through a variety of decent employment that make efficient use of people and environmental resources.
The vast amount of land available in rural areas can be used for various industrial and agricultural operations, benefiting both rural and urban residents. Agriculture provides us with food, medicine, fuel, timber, and other raw materials for industry, as well as jobs and foreign currency.
Unfortunately, the rural inhabitants and farmers, who make up the majority of the rural population, have not been properly taken care of in terms of development, and as a result, the country dwellers flock to the metropolitan areas in search of alternative occupations and social amenities that abound in the urban areas.
As a result, the purpose of this project is to conduct the following research:
(i) Identifying rural development programs/projects available in the study area.
(ii) To identify the reasons/factors influencing rural-urban migration.
(iii) To investigate the scope of rural-urban mobility.
(iii) To propose and provide viable recommendations for minimising migration in the research area.
1.3 BACKGROUND AND NEED OF THE STUDY
The arrival of civilization resulted in urbanisation or urban habitation. Civilization is the culmination of man’s inventions to improve his standard of living. Man believes in hedonism and finds great pleasure in the company of other men.
Without a doubt, if one had to sum up a city’s raison d’être in a single word, it would undoubtedly be “communicated.” People congregate in cities to connect with one another, with businesses, and with the government.
People had to look for fertile grounds for plentiful harvest in the pre-history of urban evolution when technology was big and archaic. These fertile lands were discovered in the Abakaliki division of Ebonyi State.
Because of the fertile terrain in these places, settlements were encouraged. The oldest organised settlements regarded today as the cradle of civilization, such as those found on the alluvial plains of the Nile, Tigris, Euphrates, Indus, and Yangtze – kiang, arose from fertile terrain.
The discovery of limestone and the founding of the Cement Company at Nkalagu in the Ishielu Local Government Area in 1957 drew several investors and created jobs. Immigrants received a lot of attention in Nkalagu and its surrounding settlements during this time period.
As a result of the cement company’s failure to construct satellite towns, thereby extending its social amenities to the neighbouring communities, residents in settlements such as Nkalagu, Amazu, U
muahuli, Nkalaha, and Obeagu began flocking to urban regions in the mid-1970s. Rural-urban migration gained traction in the research area during this time period.
In general, cities or urban regions have already begun to grow as a result of goods sites for defence like Ibandan, mineral deposits such as in Enugu for coal and Port Harcourt for crude oil, and religious activities such as Elele in Nigeria, Jerusalem, and Mecca. More recently, the effect of royal courts on political tranquillity, holiday attractions and beautiful scenery,
as well as commercial activities, coastal orientation, mineral deposits, and traffic junctions, have been dominant elements in the growth of cities. The high standard of living provided by most cities or metropolitan regions compel rural residents to migrate to cities and settle. The study’s foundation is based on the rapid rise of urban over rural populations.
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
To guide the investigation, the following research questions were developed.
(i) What types of rural development programs/projects are being/have been implemented in your rural area?
(ii) Is a lack of integrated rural development to blame for rural-urban migration in your area, or is it not?
(iii) How has the absence of integrated rural development impacted the standard of living in your rural area?
(iv) What factors, in your opinion, are working against rural development in your area?
1.5 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
HO Rural-urban migration is not caused by a lack of integrated rural development.
Rural Urban Migration is caused by a lack of coordinated rural development.
THE SCOPE OF STUDY IS DETAILED IN 1.6.
1.6.1 SCOPE
This study focuses on rural development as a strategy for minimising rural-urban migration in Nigeria, with a specific focus on Ishielu Local Government Area in Ebonyi state.
According to the 1991 population census, the Ishielu local government area, with Ezillo as its capital, has a total population of one hundred and twenty thousand seven hundred and twenty people (see table I).
The following are the communities that comprise the local government area: Other names include Nkezi, Obeagu, Ohafia, Okpoto, and Umunuali, as well as Agba, Amazu, Azumyaba, Ezillo, Ezzagu, Iyonu, Nkalagu, and Nkalaha.
1.7 THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This study aims to emphasise the numerous development imbalances that occur in rural and urban areas, resulting in rural-urban migration. As a matter of urgency, the rapid acceleration of urban regions must be addressed through the dissemination of well-articulated rural development initiatives or policies.
As a result, the issue is how to instill enough planning development in rural areas to meet the ever-increasing migratory demand without jeopardising the migrants’ motivations and ambitions.
Rural residents are expected to benefit the most, but the government and the broader public will also benefit in some way if my suggestions and recommendations are followed.
1.8 THE STUDY’S THEORETICAL FOUNDATION
1.8.1 DUAL ECONOMY MODEL FOR ECONOMIC GROWTH AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT
The dual economy model divides the economies of less developed countries into two categories. There are two types of sectors: modern and subsistence. These are known as the urban and rural sectors, respectively (Olayide et al 1981).
The contemporary (urban) sector, according to the concept, is both capital and technologically intensive, whereas the subsistence (rural) sector is less capital intensive.
According to the paradigm, whereas the urban sector is oriented towards the market, the rural sector produces for family use and relies on non-purchased inputs such as labour and —-. According to the concept, the rural sector lacks savings and capital formation.
The difficulty with this approach is that if it is adopted as a development strategy, it will result in a transfer of resources from rural to urban areas. There will be rural neglect, resulting in a wage disparity. There will also be migration to cities, resulting in increasing demand for urban social services such as water, electricity, and so on.
Furthermore, there is no economy in which the rural sector is characterised by a lack of saving and capital accumulation, rather by little deposits. Agriculture is given a limited role in producing cheap foods and raw materials for industrialization. That is the rural-to-urban migration caused by a lack of saving and capital formation in rural areas.
Congestion in urban regions, unemployment, and social problems are the result of rural-urban migration caused by rural development neglect. The government should recognise that in order to achieve balanced economic growth and development, rural areas must be developed alongside urban ones.
This model aims to explain why farmers in the same economic and geographical region have such disparities in productivity. The model links the variation in output to differences in farmer acceptance of new seed varieties, mechanical and chemical inputs (Olayide et al 1981).
This model is extremely relevant to rural development in developing nations such as Nigeria. It discusses agricultural extension services, experimental stations, and demonstration farms / farm settlements.
The model has considerable significance in the growth of the research topic. The concept of agricultural settlement and demonstration farm has been tested in Ezillo, the research area’s headquarters.
The issue with this paradigm is that the same people are unwilling to adopt contemporary farming and organisational methods. They are sceptical of the use of fertiliser and insecticides due to farming illiteracy;
therefore, farmers must be educated on the use and profitability of new techniques. Where the farming population is educated and enlightened, the system works well.
1.8.3 ESSENTIAL RESOURCE THEORY
According to this hypothesis, economic growth and development are dependent on the availability of natural resources in a region. According to this model, the development of natural resources attracts investment capital to these locations,
resulting in a rise in income and employment. One shortcoming of the hypothesis is that the sheer availability of fundamental resources is insufficient for a place to see economic growth. To harness these resources, suitable technology and experience are required.
The significance of this model in the study area is that the government should recognise the importance of education and manpower training for self-sufficiency and economic development. The reliance on imported machinery and equipment, as well as individuals to run these items, does not imply self-sufficiency.
This explains why, despite the abundance of natural resources in the study area, hunger and disease have persisted to endanger the rural population’s existence. Locally produced goods continue to be more expensive than imported goods.
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