STANDARDS FOR LANDFILLS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
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STANDARDS FOR LANDFILLS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
ABSTRACT
Landfilling is the ultimate disposal technology, even when additional advanced recycling and/or volume reduction methods are applied. It is the preferred technique of disposal in developing countries due of its low cost.
Indeed, most industrialised nations, including major European Union countries and the United States, continue to rely on landfilling as an essential component of solid waste management infrastructure.
Since the 1970s, per capita waste generation has steadily increased, as has the total quantity of waste, sustaining and expanding the demand for waste disposal capacity and increasing the potential for landfill gas and leachate releases in the absence of properly designed, installed, and operated emission control measures.
The amount and mix of a community’s municipal solid trash are determined by consumption levels and patterns. However, numerous factors influence the quantity and quality of garbage that eventually enters landfills, including national waste management strategy, volume reduction techniques such as incineration, and the availability and efficacy of waste recycling programs.
Most underdeveloped countries have very low levels of informal recycling, or precise data is unavailable due to a lack of openness. Informal recycling is common in many poor nations, particularly at larger landfills serving urban areas.
Approximately 2% of the urban population in Asia and Latin America relies on rubbish picking. China has over six million rubbish pickers, whilst India, Asia’s third largest economy, employs one million waste pickers.
These casual waste pickers certainly contribute directly to the amount and composition of rubbish that ends up in landfills. When trash recycling rates are high, landfilled waste is primarily organic, as in India, while recyclables are diverted for a higher income to middlemen.
Recycling will surely extend the life of landfills, as garbage scavengers are expected to remove 10% of waste in Mexico, while recycling reduces 15% of waste in Bangalore (India). Recycling diverts materials away from landfills, which saves resources.
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