The Parental Monitoring And Religious Activities On Sexual Abstinence
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The Parental Monitoring And Religious Activities On Sexual Abstinence
Chapter one
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background for the Study
Sexual intercourse, also known as coitus or copulation, is the insertion and thrusting of a male’s penis, generally when erect, into a female’s vagina for sexual pleasure or reproduction; it is also known as vaginal intercourse or vaginal sex. Other types of penetrative sexual intercourse include penetration of the anus by the penis (anal sex), penetration of the mouth by the penis or oral penetration of the vulva or vagina (oral sex), sexual penetration by the fingers (fingering), and penetration using a strap-on dildo (Rutter & Steinberg, 2004).
These activities entail physical closeness between two or more people, are typically employed for physical or emotional enjoyment, and frequently contribute to human bonding (Richard & Fedwa, 2007).
A diversity of perspectives exist on what defines sexual intercourse or other sexual activities (Douglas & Nancy, 2008), which can also influence attitudes towards sexual health (O’leary, 2002).
The term “sex,” which is frequently used as a shorthand for sexual intercourse, can refer to any type of sexual activity. Because people can be at risk of contracting sexually transmitted infections during these activities (Daouglas, Ann, Fedwa & Randall, 2007), though the transmission risk is significantly reduced during non-penetrative sex (Keath, Wayne & Nilamadhab, 2005), safe sex practice is advised (Dianne, 2008).
Various jurisdictions have placed restrictive laws against certain sexual acts, such as incest, sexual activity with minors, extra marital sex, prostitution, sodomy, rape and Religious views influence personal decisions about sexual intercourse or other sexual activities, such as virginity (Daouglas, Ann, Fedwa, & Randall, 2007), as well as legal and public policy issues.
Religious perspectives on sexuality range greatly across religions and groups within the same religion, yet there are certain common themes, such as the prohibition of adultery.
Reproductive sexual intercourse with non-human animals is more commonly referred to as copulation, and sperm can be transferred into the female’s reproductive system via non-vaginal ways among animals, such as cloacal copulation.
Most non-human mammals mate and copulate during oestrus (the most fertile part of the female’s reproductive cycle), increasing the likelihood of successful impregnation (Lloyd, Rutter & Ann, 2007; Jared, 2005). Bonobos, dolphins, and chimps are known to engage in sexual intercourse regardless of whether the female is in oestrus, and to engage in the act with some sex partners.
Like humans who engage in sexual activity primarily for pleasure (Carpenter, 2005), the aforementioned animals’ behaviour is assumed to be for pleasure (Fawcett, 2008) and to contribute to the strengthening of their social relationships (Laura, 2005).
The sexual activity rate among young teens is growing. Among guys who reached 20 between 1970 and 1972, 20% had sexual intercourse by the age of 15, compared to 27% who turned 20 between 1985 and 1987. Of the girls who turned 20 between 1985 and 1987, 10% had begun sexual intercourse by the age of 15.
Compared to 14% of those turning 20 between 1970 and 1972 (Marisglio & Mott, 1998). African Americans are more prone to engage in sexual intercourse at an early age. By the age of 15, more than half of all African American boys have had sexual intercourse.
White and Hispanic men do not reach these levels of sexual activity until the age of 17. In 1992, around 25% of African American females and 15% of Hispanic and white females had sexual intercourse before the age of 15 (Marsiglio & Mott, 1998).
Pregnancy rates among females aged 14 and under increased from 13.5 (per 1,000 females aged 14) in 1973 to 17.1 by 1992. Every year, approximately 9% of sexually experienced females aged 14 and under become pregnant (Moore, Miller, & Glei, 1995).
The abortion rate for all girls aged 14 and younger was 5.6 (per 1,000 females aged 14) in 1973, 8.4 in 1980, and 7.9 in 1990. In 1994, there were 12,901 births among teenagers under the age of 15. Furthermore, adolescent females may be more susceptible to STDs than older women.
Teen girls receive fewer medications for STDs and may be more susceptible to cervical infections (Moore, Miller, & Glei, 1995). The maternal death rate among teens under the age of 15 is two and a half times that of moms aged 20 to 24 (Moore, Myers, & Morrison, 1993).
Babies born to teenagers under the age of 15 are more than twice as likely to weigh less than 2,500 grammes (5.5 pounds) at birth and three times more likely to die during the first 28 days of life than babies born to older moms (Langan & Harlow, 1994).
The link between early childbearing and poor health outcomes is owing to the multiple risk factors associated with youth, such as inadequate prenatal care and nutrition (Boyer & Fine, 1992). The younger a woman is, the less likely she is to receive prenatal care throughout her first trimester (Moore, Miller, & Glei, 1995).
At the age of 27, 72 percent of African American teen mothers who gave birth when they were under the age of 16 were still living in poverty. 67 percent of Hispanic women and 32 percent of White women live in poverty (Boyer & Fine, 1992).
Sexual abstinence has been viewed as the only way to avoid various sexually transmitted diseases, and the organisation has made significant efforts to educate school students, civil servants, private sector workers, and independent workers about the benefits of refraining from having sexual intercourse prior to marriage.
This camping has been strengthened by the discovery of the ubiquitous deadly disease known as Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), which has an onset of Human Immune Virus (HIV), causing sexual behaviours to be reduced to a bare minimum. Though some people continue to engage in commercial sexual activities, it is not as prevalent as it was in the past.
The first cases of AIDS were discovered in Uganda in the early 1990s (Kagimu 1996). Since then, the pandemic has spread, with an estimated 15 – 20 million Ugandans living with HIV out of a total population of 18 million (STD/ACP Programme, 1995).
There have been several studies on sexual abstinence conducted around the world, and a variety of variables have been employed to quantify sexual abstinence. Some of these include in-laws, literacy level, peer influence, and many others, however all of these require the use of other factors to evaluate sexual absence.
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