THE EFFECT OF SOAKED CASSAVA PEEL MEAL SUPPLEMENTED WITH ENZYME AS REPLACEMENT FOR MAIZE ON THE BLOOD HAEMATOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF BROILER CHICKENS
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THE EFFECT OF SOAKED CASSAVA PEEL MEAL SUPPLEMENTED WITH ENZYME AS REPLACEMENT FOR MAIZE ON THE BLOOD HAEMATOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF BROILER CHICKENS
CHAPTER ONE
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
In recent years, the majority of developing countries’ population’s nutritional status has been primarily characterised by insufficient protein intake, both in terms of quantity and quality (Taiwo et al., 2005). All viable possibilities are being investigated in an effort to reach the advised level at a lower cost.
Because of its quick generation time and rapid growth, poultry farming is a good source of animal protein and significantly increases the level of animal protein consumption (Essen et al., 2005).
One of the challenges in the production of commercial broilers is the exponential rise in the cost of inputs, particularly feed (Vivian et al., 2015). Through the use of feed additives and supplements in the diets of broiler chickens, research efforts are aimed at increasing net return and reducing high cost.
Due to its rapid turnover and quick returns on investment, grill production is one of the most common livestock operations used by small and medium-sized farmers in both rural and urban regions (Afolayan et al., 2014).
The high cost of feed and the well-known fact that feed is the principal expense associated with poultry production have a significant negative impact on the benefits of grill production. According to Longe (2006), the cost of the feed may account for as much as 80% of the entire cost of producing the final feed.
The consequence is that since birds eat to meet their energy needs, the amount of feed they consume will depend on the diet’s energy content. A feed often contains a significant amount of energy, so a decrease in energy prices would result in lower costs for feeding cattle (Ayuk et al., 2009).
Due to the strong demand for maize among people for food and industrial purposes, it is quite expensive to utilise as an energy source in chicken feed in Nigeria (Bot et al., 2013; Etuk et al., 2013).
Due to rivalry with the human food sector, increased biofuel production, and droughts in some parts of Africa, maize prices frequently climbed significantly, rising by 71.16% from 2005 to 2015 (USDA, 2015).
The price of poultry products also increased as a result of this price hike. The necessity to investigate alternative energy sources that are either not utilised by people or not in particularly high demand has been spurred by these and other considerations (Ngiki et al., 2014).
The processed cassava peel is one of these substitutes for maize in animal diets (Agiang et al., 2004). According to Onyeonagu and Njoku (2010), cassava peel is becoming more popular as a feed for both ruminant and non-ruminant livestock animals.
Cassava peel, which is the outer layer of the tuber root that is often removed manually with a sharp knife, is a significant by-product of the processing of cassava tuber roots (Midau et al., 2011). In Nigeria, cassava peel is consistently thrown out as trash and is frequently left to deteriorate, creating an issue with garbage management.
Cassava peel is ideal for animal feeding due to its affordability and relative availability (Oladunjoye et al., 2014). The processing expense (Iyayi et al., 2004) and anti-nutritional components (hydrogen cyanide) as well as the high fibre content that is damaging to the monogastric system limit the use of cassava peel.
According to Udoyong et al. (2010), supplementing with enzymes may also be helpful in lowering the toxic component of cassava peel. New opportunities for the use of waste as feedstock have emerged with the development and usage of commercial feed multi-enzymes in chicken feeding (Alu et al., 2012; Aya et al., 2013; Ogungbesan et al., 2014).
One of the crucial methods for improving feed utilisation in monogastric feeding is this multi-enzyme supplementation (Midau et al., 2011; Shirmohammed and Mehhri, 2011). It also helps to lessen the poisonous elements of the cassava peel.
The importance of enzymes as a feed additive in poultry diets is well known, and they have been shown to improve a variety of morphological consequences of feeding fibrous materials to monogastrics by reducing the viscosity of ingested materials in the colon (Adeyemi et al., 2013).
Exogenous enzymes are added to non-ruminant feeds to lessen the impact of components that are present in the diet in varying levels but have anti-nutritional properties. (Nunes, 2015).
By dissolving certain chemical structures that native digestive enzymes can’t or can only partially dissolve, enzymes boost the availability of nutrients.
Treatment with enzymes can increase the digestibility of feed materials high in non-starch polysaccharides (NSPs), such as cassava peels (Udoyond et al., 2010; Midau et al., 2011). By dissolving the NSPs in the highly fibrous materials, these enzyme complexes are designed to supplement the birds’ digestive abilities (Aguihe et al., 2016).
In addition to reducing the antinutritive effects of NSP, the addition of NSP-degrading enzymes may also release some nutrients that the birds may be able to use (Balamurugan and Chandrasekaran, 2009).
Cellulase (B-glucanase), xylases and related enzymes, phytases, proteases, lipases, and galactosidases are a few enzymes that have been employed recently and may have application in the feed business (Khusheeba and Sajid, 2013).
Blood is a key indicator of physiological and pathological changes in animals and has been used to measure the body’s ability to respond to nutritional challenges (Aguihe et al., 2012). Understanding the animal’s haematological and biochemical parameters is crucial for achieving high productivity and good health.
According to Esonu et al. (2001), the haematological and biochemical blood values can be used as a gauge for determining the body’s capacity to react to blood fluctuations as well as for predicting the impact of a particular diet on animals.
These values will show how physiologically responsive an animal is to its internal and external environments, including feeds and feeding (Esonu et al.
1.2 AIMS
The goal of this study is to determine how replacing maize with soaked, enzyme-supplemented cassava peel meal affects the haematology of grill chickens.
1.3 OBJECTIVES
The goal of this study is to ascertain the impact of soaked cassava peel meal supplemented with enzymes as a replacement for maize on the haematology of broilers, including mean cell volume, mean cell haemoglobin, and mean cell haemoglobin concentration.
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